Rujukan Adaptasi

  1. The Oxford Dictionary of Science defines adaptation as "Any change in the structure or functioning of an organism that makes it better suited to its environment".
  2. Bowler P.J. 2003. Evolution: the history of an idea. California. p10
  3. Patterson C. 1999. Evolution. Natural History Museum, London. p1
  4. Williams, George C. 1966. Adaptation and natural selection: a critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton. "Evolutionary adaptation is a phenomenon of pervasive importance in biology." p5
  5. Both uses of the term 'adaptation' are recognized by King R.C. Stansfield W.D. and Mulligan P. 2006. A dictionary of genetics. Oxford, 7th ed.
  6. Huxley, Julian 1942. Evolution the modern synthesis. Allen & Unwin, London. p449
  7. Mayr, Ernst 1982. The growth of biological thought. Harvard. p483: "Adaptation... could no longer be considered a static condition, a product of a creative past, and became instead a continuing dynamic process."
  8. Price P.W. 1980. The evolutionary biology of parasites. Princeton.
  9. Mayr E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. Harvard.
  10. Mayr, Ernst 1982. The growth of biological thought: diversity, evolution and inheritance. Harvard. p562–566
  11. Salzburger W., Mack T., Verheyen E., Meyer A. (2005). "Out of Tanganyika: Genesis, explosive speciation, key-innovations and phylogeography of the haplochromine cichlid fishes" (PDF). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 5 (17): 17. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-17. Selenggaraan CS1: Pelbagai nama: senarai pengarang (link)
  12. Kornfield, Irv (2000). "African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 31: 163. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163.  Parameter |month= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
  13. Stebbins, G. Ledyard, Jr. 1950. Variation and evolution in plants. Columbia. Polyploidy, chapters 8 and 9.
  14. Margulis, Lynn (ed) 1991. Symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation: speciation and morphogenesis MIT. ISBN 0-262-13269-9
  15. Hutchinson G. Evelyn 1965. The ecological theatre and the evolutionary play. Yale. The niche is the central concept in evolutionary ecology; see especially part II The niche: an abstractly inhabited hypervolume. p26–78
  16. 1 2 Dobzhansky T. 1968. On some fundamental concepts of evolutionary biology. Evolutionary biology 2, 1–34.
  17. Dobzhansky T. 1970. Genetics of the evolutionary process. Columbia, N.Y. p4–6, 79–82, 84–87
  18. Dobzhansky T. 1956. Genetics of natural populations XXV. Genetic changes in populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosphila persimilis in some locations in California. Evolution 10, 82–92.
  19. Endler, John A. 1986. Natural selection in the wild. Princeton. p33–51: 'Fitness and adaptation'.
  20. Sober, Elliott 1984. The nature of selection: a philosophical enquiry. M.I.T.
  21. following discussion in Endler, John A. 1986. Natural selection in the wild. Princeton. p33–51: 'Fitness and adaptation'.
  22. Eldredge, Niles 1995. Reinventing Darwin: the great evolutionary debate. Wiley N.Y. p33
  23. Eldredge, Niles 1986. Time frames: the rethinking of Darwinian evolution and the theory of punctuated equilibria. p136, Of glaciers and beetles.
  24. Eldredge, Niles 1995. Reinventing Darwin: the great evolutionary debate. Wiley, N.Y. p64
  25. Orr H. 2005. The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history. Nature Rev. Genetics, 6, 119–127.
  26. Mayr, Ernst 1982. The growth of biological thought: diversity, evolution and inheritance. Harvard. Harvard. p481 (and sequence) tells how Darwin's ideas on adaptation developed as he came to appreciate it as "a continuing dynamic process" (bottom p483).
  27. Sterelny K. & Griffiths P.E. 1999. Sex and death: an introduction to philosophy of biology. University of Chicago Press. p217 ISBN O-226-77304-3
  28. Freeman S. & Herron J.C. 2007. Evolutionary analysis. Pearson Education. p364 ISBN 0-13-227584-8
  29. Stebbins, G. Ledyard, Jr. 1974. Flowering plants: evolution above the species level. Harvard.
  30. Carpenter GDH and Ford EB 1933. Mimicry. Methuen, London.
  31. Wickler W. 1968. Mimicry in plants and animals. World University Library, London.
  32. Moon H.P. 1976. Henry Walter Bates FRS 1825-1892: explorer, scientist and darwinian. Leicestershire Museums, Leicester.
  33. Ruxton GD, Sherratt TN and Speed MP 2004. Avoiding attack: the evolutionary ecology of crypsis, warning signals and mimicry. Oxford.
  34. Mallet, James 2001. The speciation revolution. J Evolutionary Biology 14, 887-8.
  35. Stebbins, G. Ledyard, Jr. 1974. Flowering plants: evolution above the species level. Harvard. Mengandungi analisa menyeluruh mengenai evolusi adaptasi dalam penyebaran angiosperma.
  36. Medawar, Peter 1960. The future of Man. Methuen, London.
  37. Jacob, Francois 1977. Evolution and tinkering. Science 196 1161–1166.
  38. Mayr, Ernst 1982. The growth of biological thought: diversity, evolution and inheritance. Harvard. p589
  39. It is, of course, not possible to test selective pressures on extinct populations in any direct way. Gould, Stephen J. (1974): Origin and function of 'bizarre' structures - antler size and skull size in 'Irish Elk', Megaloceros giganteus. Evolution 28(2): 191-220. doi:10.2307/2407322 (First page text)
  40. Darwin, Charles 1871. The Descent of Man and selection in relation to sex. Murray, London.
  41. The case was treated by Fisher R.A. 1930. Genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford. p134–139.
  42. Cronin, Helen 1991. The ant and the peacock: altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to the present day. Cambridge.
  43. Rosenberg K.R. 2005. The evolution of modern human childbirth. Am J. Physical Anthropology 35, p89–124.
  44. Friedlander, Nancy & Jordan, David K. 1995. Obstetric implications of Neanderthal robusticity and bone density. Human Evolution (Florence) 9: 331-342.
  45. Miller, Geoffrey 2007. Brain evolution. In Gangestad S.W. and Simpson J.A. (eds) The evolution of mind: fundamental questions and controversies. Guildford.
  46. Huxley, Julian 1942. Evolution the modern synthesis. Allen & Unwin, London. p417
  47. Huskins C.L. 1931. The origin of Spartina townsendii. Genetica 12, 531.
  48. Lamoreux W.F and Hutt F.B. 1939. Breed differences in resistance to a deficiency in vitamin B1 in the fowl. J. Agric. Res. Washington 58, 307–315.
  49. [Dobzhansky T.] 1981. Dobzhansky's genetics of natural populations. eds Lewontin RC, Moore JA, Provine WB and Wallace B. Columbia University Press N.Y.