Rujukan Ayam

  1. UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation reported in the Economist: .
  2. Xiang, H.; Gao, J.; Yu, B.; Zhou, H.; Cai, D.; Zhang, Y. & Zhao, X. (2014). "Early Holocene chicken domestication in northern China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (49): 17564–17569. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411882111
  3. Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, (Anthea Bell, translator) The History of Food, Ch. 11 "The History of Poultry", revised ed. 2009, p. 306.
  4. Howard Carter, "An Ostracon Depicting a Red Jungle-Fowl (The Earliest Known Drawing of the Domestic Cock)" The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 9.1/2 (April 1923), pp. 1-4.
  5. Pritchard, "The Asiatic Campaigns of Thutmose III" Ancient Near East Texts related to the Old Testament, p240.
  6. Roehrig, Catharine H.; Dreyfus, Renée; Keller, Cathleen A. (2005). Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. m/s. 268. ISBN 978-1-58839-173-5
  7. Herrema, Martin (12 Disember 2014). "Chickens 'closer to dinosaurs' than other birds". University of Kent. Dicapai 20 Jun 2016. 
  8. 1 2 "Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – *qayam". Dicapai 10 Januari 2017. 
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Rujuk entri "ayam", Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat.
  10. "Info on Chicken Care". ideas4pets. 2003. Dicapai August 13, 2008. 
  11. Gerard P.Worrell AKA "Farmer Jerry". "Frequently asked questions about chickens & eggs". Ferry Landing Farm & Apiary. Dicapai August 13, 2008. 
  12. "The Poultry Guide – A to Z and FAQs". Ruleworks.co.uk. Dicapai August 29, 2010. 
  13. Smith, Jamon. Tuscaloosanews.com "World’s oldest chicken starred in magic shows, was on 'Tonight Show’", Tuscaloosa News (Alabama, USA). August 6, 2006. Retrieved on February 26, 2008.
  14. Stonehead. "Introducing new hens to a flock « Musings from a Stonehead". Stonehead.wordpress.com. Dicapai August 29, 2010. 
  15. 1 2 3 Grandin, Temple; Johnson, Catherine (2005). Animals in Translation. New York, New York: Scribner. m/s. 69–71. ISBN 0-7432-4769-8
  16. Sherwin, C.M.; Nicol, C.J. (1993). "Factors influencing floor-laying by hens in modified cages". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 36: 211–222. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(93)90011-d
  17. Scientists Find Chickens Retain Ancient Ability to Grow Teeth Ammu Kannampilly, ABC News, February 27, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
  18. 1 2 Wong, GK; dll. (December 2004). "A genetic variation map for chicken with 2.8 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms". Nature. 432: 717–722. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..717B. doi:10.1038/nature03156. PMC 2263125 . PMID 15592405
  19. Eriksson, J; Larson, G; Gunnarsson, U; Bed'hom, B; Tixier-Boichard, M; dll. (2008). "Identification of the Yellow Skin Gene Reveals a Hybrid Origin of the Domestic Chicken". PLoS Genet. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010
  20. Fumihito, A; Miyake, T; Sumi, S; Takada, M; Ohno, S; Kondo, N (December 20, 1994), "One subspecies of the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus gallus) suffices as the matriarchic ancestor of all domestic breeds", PNAS, 91 (26): 12505–12509, Bibcode:1994PNAS...9112505F, doi:10.1073/pnas.91.26.12505 
  21. Liu, Yi-Ping; Wu, Gui-Sheng; Yao, Yong-Gang; Miao, Yong-Wang; Luikart, Gordon; Baig, Mumtaz; Beja-Pereira, Albano; Ding, Zhao-Li; Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2006), "Multiple maternal origins of chickens: Out of the Asian jungles", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38 (1): 12–19, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.014 
  22. Zeder; dll. (2006). "Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology". Trends in Genetics. 22 (3): 139–155. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.007. PMID 16458995
  23. King, Rick (February 24, 2009), "Rat Attack", NOVA and National Geographic Television 
  24. King, Rick (February 1, 2009), "Plant vs. Predator", NOVA 
  25. West, B.; Zhou, B.X. (1988). "Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication". J. Archaeol. Sci. 14: 515–533. 
  26. Al-Nasser, A.; dll. (2007). "Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication". World's Poultry Science Journal. 63: 285–300. doi:10.1017/S004393390700147X
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 CHOF : The Cambridge History of Food, 2000, Cambridge University Press, vol.1, pp496-499
  28. DNA reveals how the chicken crossed the sea Brendan Borrell, Nature, June 5, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
  29. A. A. Storey et al., "Radiocarbon and DNA evidence for a pre-Columbian introduction of Polynesian chickens to Chile", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0703993104; John Noble Wilford, "First Chickens in Americas were Brought from Polynesia, New York Times, June 5, 2007.
  30. Gongora, Jaime; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Mobegi, Victor A.; Jianlin, Han; Alcalde, Jose A.; Matus, Jose T.; Hanotte, Olivier; Moran, Chris; Austin, J.; Ulm, Sean; Anderson, Atholl J.; Larson, Greger; Cooper, Alan (2008). "Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA". PNAS. 105 (30): 10308–10313. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10510308G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801991105. PMC 2492461 . PMID 18663216. A published, apparently pre-Columbian, Chilean specimen and six pre-European Polynesian specimens also cluster with the same European/Indian subcontinental/Southeast Asian sequences, providing no support for a Polynesian introduction of chickens to South America. In contrast, sequences from two archaeological sites on Easter Island group with an uncommon haplogroup from Indonesia, Japan, and China and may represent a genetic signature of an early Polynesian dispersal. Modeling of the potential marine carbon contribution to the Chilean archaeological specimen casts further doubt on claims for pre-Columbian chickens, and definitive proof will require further analyses of ancient DNA sequences and radiocarbon and stable isotope data from archaeological excavations within both Chile and Polynesia. 
  31. Jones, E.K.M. and Prescott, N.B., (2000). Visual cues used in the choice of mate by fowl and their potential importance for the breeder industry. World's Poultry Science Journal, 56: 127-138. doi:10.1079/WPS20000010
  32. FAOSTAT > Production: Live Animals > Regions: World (Total) > Elements: Stocks > Items: Chickens > To Year: 2014. Dicapai pada 5 Ogos 2016.
  33. "Towards Happier Meals In A Globalized World". World Watch Institute. 
  34. "Broiler Chickens Fact Sheet // Animals Australia". Animalsaustralia.org. Dicapai August 29, 2010. 
  35. Guinness World Records 2011 ed. by Craig Glenday – page 286
  36. 1 2 Browne, Anthony (March 10, 2002). "Ten weeks to live". The Guardian. London. Dicapai April 28, 2010. 
  37. Patwardhan, D.; King, A. (2011). "Review: feed withdrawal and non feed withdrawal moult". World's Poultry Science Journal. 67: 253–268. doi:10.1017/s0043933911000286
  38. Webster, A.B. (2003). "Physiology and behavior of the hen during induced moult". Poultry Science. 82: 992–1002. doi:10.1093/ps/82.6.992. PMID 12817455
  39. Molino, A.B.; Garcia, E.A.; Berto, D.A.; Pelícia, K.; Silva, A.P.; Vercese, F. (2009). "The Effects of Alternative Forced-Molting Methods on The Performance and Egg Quality of Commercial Layers". Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science. 11: 109–113. doi:10.1590/s1516-635x2009000200006
  40. Yousaf, M.; Chaudhry, A.S. (2008). "History, changing scenarios and future strategies to induce moulting in laying hens". World's Poultry Science Journal. 64: 65–75. doi:10.1017/s0043933907001729
  41. Joe G. Berry. "Artificial Incubation" (PDF). Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University. Dicapai September 29, 2010. 
  42. Phillip J. Clauer. "Incubating Eggs" (PDF). Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, Virginia State University. Dicapai October 1, 2010. 
  43. "Incubation Handbook" (PDF). Brinsea Products Ltd. Diarkibkan daripada asal (PDF) pada October 5, 2010. Dicapai September 30, 2010. 
  44. "How To Hatch Chicken Eggs". www.backyardchickens.com. Dicapai September 30, 2010. 
  45. "Clucks and Chooks: guide to keeping chickens"
  46. [2] The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders By Donald Denoon, Malama Meleisea – Cambridge University Press, March 25, 2004 – page 56
  47. [3] Anthropological Genetics: Theory, Methods and Applications edited by Michael H. Crawford – Cambridge University Press, November 30, 2006 – page 411
  48. [12] The Enigmas of Easter Island By Paul Bahn, John Flenley – Oxford University Press, May 29, 2003 – page 96
  49. [4] Regional Greek Cooking By Dean Karayanis, Catherine Karayanis – Hippocrene Books, March 1, 2008 – page 176
  50. [5] Cooking With the Bible: Biblical Food, Feasts, And Lore By Anthony F. Chiffolo, Rayner W. Hesse – Greenwood Publishing Group, August 30, 2006 – page 207
  51. 1 2 Adler, Jerry; Lawler, Andrew (June 2012). "How the Chicken Conquered the World". Smithsonian. 
  52. Peters, John P. (1913). "The Cock". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 33: 381. JSTOR 592841
  53. Himpunan 366 cerita rakyat Malaysia. Utusan Publications. 1995. m/s. 234. 
  54. Lukas 22:34
  55. Luke 22:61
  56. Matius 23:37; juga Lukas 13:34.
  57. The Antiquary: a magazine devoted to the study of the past, Volume 17 edited by Edward Walford, John Charles Cox, George Latimer Apperson – page 202
  58. The Philadelphia Museum bulletin, Volumes 1-5, Pennsylvania Museum of Art, Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art, p 14, 1906
  59. United Poultry Concerns. "Providing a Good Home for Chickens". Dicapai 4 Mei 2009. 
  60. "Clucks and Chooks: A guide to keeping chickens". Diarkibkan daripada asal pada July 30, 2009. 
  61. [13] Poultry Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology edited by W. M. Muir, S. E. Aggrey – CABI, September 4, 2003 – page 5
  62. [14] International Egg Commission IEC London Egg Conference – Sep 9 to 13, 2012
  63. [15] WATT Ag Net – Watt Publishing Co