↑ Lee, Sean; Hasegawa, Toshikazu (2013). "Evolution of the Ainu Language in Space and Time". PLOS ONE (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 8 (4). e62243. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...862243L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062243. PMC3637396. PMID23638014. In this paper, we reconstructed spatiotemporal evolution of 19 Ainu language varieties, and the results are in strong agreement with the hypothesis that a recent population expansion of the Okhotsk people played a critical role in shaping the Ainu people and their culture. Together with the recent archaeological, biological and cultural evidence, our phylogeographic reconstruction of the Ainu language strongly suggests that the conventional dual-structure model must be refined to explain these new bodies of evidence. The case of the Ainu language origin we report here also contributes additional detail to the global pattern of language evolution, and our language phylogeny might also provide a basis for making further inferences about the cultural dynamics of the Ainu speakers [44,45].
↑ Gruzdeva, Ekaterina Jur'evna (1996). "The Linguistic Situation on Sakhalin Island". Dalam Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (penyunting). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. m/s. 1008.
1 2 Piłsudski, Bronisław (1912). Materials for the Study of the Ainu Language and Folklore (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Cracow: The Imperial Academy of Sciences "Spólka Wydawnicza Polska".
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