Buku dan jurnal

• Accad, Martin (2003). "The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I)". Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. 14 (1). ISSN 0959-6410. 
• Adil, Hajjah Amina (2002). Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam. Islamic Supreme Council of America. ISBN 978-1-930409-11-8.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
• Ahmed, Akbar (1999). Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World (edisi 2.00). I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-257-9. 
• Brockopp, Jonathan E. (2003). Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia. University of South Carolina press. ISBN 1-57003-471-0. 
• Cohen-Mor, Dalya (2001). A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513398-6. 
• Curtis, Patricia A. (2005). A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations. Blackwell Publishing Professional. ISBN 978-0-8138-1946-4. 
• Eglash, Ron (1999). African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2614-0. 
• Ernst, Carl (2004). Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-5577-4. 
• Esposito, John (1996). Islam and Democracy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510816-7.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
• Esposito, John (2000a). Muslims on the Americanization Path?. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513526-1.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
• Esposito, John (2000b). Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. 978-0195107999. 
• Esposito, John (2002a). Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516886-0. 
• Esposito, John (2002b). What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515713-3. 
• Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512558-4. 
• Esposito, John (2004). Islam: The Straight Path (edisi ke-3). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518266-8. 
• Farah, Caesar (2003). Islam: Beliefs and Observances (edisi ke-7). Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0764122266. 
• Firestone, Reuven (1999). Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512580-0. 
• Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02699-4. 
• Ghamidi, Javed (2001). Mizan. Dar al-Ishraq. OCLC 52901690. 
• Goldschmidt, Jr., Arthur (2005). A Concise History of the Middle East (edisi ke-8). Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4275-7.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
• Griffith, Ruth Marie (2006). Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8370-9.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
• Hawting, G. R. (2000). The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24073-5. 
• Hedayetullah, Muhammad (2006). Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55369-842-5. 
• Holt, P. M. (1977a). Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29136-4.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
• Holt, P. M. (1977b). Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29137-2.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
• Hourani, Albert (2003). A History of the Arab Peoples. Belknap Press; Revised edition. ISBN 978-0-674-01017-8.  Parameter |coauthor= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
• Humphreys, Stephen (2005). Between Memory and Desire. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24691-8. 
• Kobeisy, Ahmed Nezar (2004). Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-313-32472-7. 
• Koprulu, Mehmed Fuad (1992). The Origins of the Ottoman Empire. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-0819-1.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
• Kramer, Martin (1987). Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-0453-3. 
• Kugle, Scott Alan (2006). Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34711-4. 
• Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (edisi ke-2). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3. 
• Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7102-0462-0. 
• Lewis, Bernard (1993). The Arabs in History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285258-2. 
• Lewis, Bernard (1997). The Middle East. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-83280-7. 
• Lewis, Bernard (2001). Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East (edisi ke-2). Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9518-2. 
• Lewis, Bernard (2003). What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (edisi Reprint). Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-051605-5. 
• Lewis, Bernard (2004). The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. Random House, Inc., New York. ISBN 978-0-8129-6785-2. 
• Madelung, Wilferd (1996). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64696-0. 
• Malik, Jamal (2006). Sufism in the West. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-27408-7.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
• Menski, Werner F. (2006). Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85859-3. 
• Mohammad, Noor (1985). "The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction". Journal of Law and Religion. 3 (2). 
• Momen, Moojan (1987). An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5. 
• Nasr, Seyed Muhammad (1994). Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7). HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-067700-7. 
• Novak, David (February 1999). "The Mind of Maimonides". First Things. 
• Parrinder, Geoffrey (1971). World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present. Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. ISBN 0-87196-129-6. 
• Patton, Walter M. (April 1900). "The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. Brill Academic Publishers. 16 (3). ISBN 90-04-10314-7. 
• Peters, F. E. (1991). "The Quest for Historical Muhammad". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 
• Peters, F. E. (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11553-2. 
• Peters, Rudolph (1977). Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-04854-5. 
• Rippin, Andrew (2001). Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (edisi ke-2). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21781-1. 
• Ruthven, Malise (2005). Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280606-8. 
• Sahas, Daniel J. (1997). John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-03495-2. 
• Sachedina, Abdulaziz (1998). The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-511915-0. 
• Seibert, Robert F. (1994). "Review: Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Norman Daniel)". Review of Religious Research. 36 (1). 
• Sells, Michael Anthony (2003). The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12667-0.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
• Smith, Jane I. (2006). The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515649-2. 
• Stillman, Norman (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 1-82760-198-1. 
• Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1979). Shi'ite Islam. Suny press. ISBN 0-87395-272-3.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
• Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (2002). Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam. Green Gold. ISBN 0-922817-00-6.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
• Teece, Geoff (2003). Religion in Focus: Islam. Franklin Watts Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7496-4796-4. 
• Tolan, John V. (2002). Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination. Columbia University Press. 
• Trimingham, John Spencer (1998). The Sufi Orders in Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512058-2. 
• Tritton, Arthur S. (1970) [1930]. The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects: A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar. London: Frank Cass Publisher. ISBN 0-7146-1996-5. 
• Turner, Colin (2006). Islam: the Basics. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-34106-X. 
• Turner, Bryan S. (1998). Weber and Islam. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-17458-9. 
• Waines, David (2003). An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53906-4. 
• Warraq, Ibn (2000). The Quest for Historical Muhammad. Prometheus. ISBN 978-1-57392-787-1. 
• Warraq, Ibn (2003). Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out. Prometheus. ISBN 1-59102-068-9. 
• Watt, W. Montgomery (1973). The Formative Period of Islamic Thought. University Press Edinburgh. ISBN 0-85-224254-X. 
• Watt, W. Montgomery (1974). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman (edisi New). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-881078-4. 
• Weiss, Bernard G. (2002). Studies in Islamic Legal Theory. Boston: Brill Academic publishers. ISBN 90-04-12066-1. 
• Williams, John Alden (1994). The Word of Islam. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-79076-7. 
• Williams, Mary E. (2000). The Middle East. Greenhaven Pr. ISBN 0-7377-0133-1. 

Ensiklopedia

• William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian, penyunting (2005). Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History. Berkshire Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-9743091-0-1.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)Selenggaraan CS1: Pelbagai nama: senarai editor (link)
• Gabriel Oussani, penyunting (1910). Catholic Encyclopedia.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
• Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton, penyunting (2000). The Columbia Encyclopedia (edisi ke-6). Gale Group. ISBN 978-1-59339-236-9.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)Selenggaraan CS1: Pelbagai nama: senarai editor (link)
• Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
• Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley, penyunting (2001). Encyclopedia of Christianity (edisi ke-1). Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill. ISBN 0-8028-2414-5.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
• John Bowden, penyunting (2005). Encyclopedia of Christianity (edisi ke-1). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-522393-4.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
• George Thomas Kurian, Graham T. T. Molitor, penyunting (1995). Encyclopedia of the Future. MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-897205-3.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
• P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs (penyunting). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)Selenggaraan CS1: Pelbagai nama: senarai editor (link)
• Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll, penyunting (2003). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-865603-8.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)Selenggaraan CS1: Pelbagai nama: senarai editor (link)
• Jane Dammen McAuliffe (penyunting). Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online. Brill Academic Publishers.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
• Lindsay Jones, penyunting (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion (edisi ke-2). MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-865733-2.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
• Salamone Frank, penyunting (2004). Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals (edisi ke-1). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-94180-8.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
• Peter N. Stearns, penyunting (2000). The Encyclopedia of World History Online (edisi 6th). Bartleby.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
• Josef W. Meri, penyunting (2005). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-96690-6.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
• Wendy Doniger, penyunting (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0-87779-044-2.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
• Glasse Cyril, penyunting (2003). New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. ISSN 978-0759101906.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)
• Edward Craig, penyunting (1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (edisi ke-1). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)