Nota Perubatan_Islam_sewaktu_zaman_pertengahan

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  3. 1 2 Lawrence I. Conrad and Dominik Wujastyk (2000), Contagion: Perspectives from Pre-Modern Societies, "A Ninth-Century Muslim Scholar's Discussion". Ashgate, ISBN 0754602583.
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  12. ↑ Peter Barrett (2004), Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding, p. 18, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 056708969X.
  13. 1 2 3 Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2002 (2): 2-9.
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  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sarton, George (1927–31), Introduction to the History of Science, dicapai 2008-01-25 Selenggaraan CS1: Format tarikh (link)
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  21. 1 2 Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributionsof Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [361]
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  24. 1 2 Cas Lek Cesk (1980). "The father of medicine, Avicenna, in our science and culture: Abu Ali ibn Sina (980-1037)", Becka J. 119 (1), p. 17-23.
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  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).
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  33. 1 2 3 Lenn Evan Goodman (2003), Islamic Humanism, p. 155, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195135806.
  34. 1 2 The Canon of Medicine, The American Institute of Unani Medicine, 2003.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Bashar Saad, Hassan Azaizeh, Omar Said (October 2005). "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review", Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2 (4), p. 475-479 [476]. Oxford University Press.
  36. ↑ Dr. A. Zahoor (1997), Abu Raihan Muhammad al-Biruni, Hasanuddin University.
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  38. 1 2 3 4 5 Huff, Toby (2003), The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West, Cambridge University Press, m/s. 218, ISBN 0521529948 
  39. 1 2 Felix Klein-Frank (2001), Al-Kindi, in Oliver Leaman and Hossein Nasr, History of Islamic Philosophy, p. 172. Routledge, London.
  40. 1 2 G. Stolyarov II (2002), "Rhazes: The Thinking Western Physician", The Rational Argumentator, Issue VI.
  41. 1 2 Rafik Berjak and Muzaffar Iqbal, "Ibn Sina—Al-Biruni correspondence", Islam & Science, December 2003.
  42. ↑ Jacquart, Danielle, "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances", European Review, 16 (2): 219–227 [219 & 222–5 
  43. 1 2 3 4 Islamic medicine, Hutchinson Encyclopedia.
  44. 1 2 3 Rabie E. Abdel-Halim (2005), "Contributions of Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) to the progress of surgery: A study and translations from his book Al-Taisir", Saudi Medical Journal 2005; Vol. 26 (9): 1333-1339.
  45. 1 2 Rabie E. Abdel-Halim (2006), "Contributions of Muhadhdhab Al-Deen Al-Baghdadi to the progress of medicine and urology", Saudi Medical Journal 27 (11): 1631-1641.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 Savage-Smith, Emilie (1995), "Attitudes Toward Dissection in Medieval Islam", Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Oxford University Press, 50 (1): 67–110, doi:10.1093/jhmas/50.1.67, PMID 7876530 
  47. ↑ Jon Mcginnis, Classical Arabic Philosophy: An Anthology of Sources, p. 284, Hackett Publishing Company, ISBN 0872208710.
  48. 1 2 Emilie Savage-Smith (1996), "Medicine", pp. 951-2, in (Morelon & Rashed 1996, pp. 903-962)
  49. 1 2 3 Dr. Sulaiman Oataya (1982), "Ibn ul Nafis has dissected the human body", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. Ibn ul-Nafis has Dissected the Human Body, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).
  50. ↑ Ray Spier (2002), "The history of the peer-review process", Trends in Biotechnology 20 (8), p. 357-358 [357].
  51. ↑ Chairman's Reflections (2004), "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting", Heart Views 5 (2), p. 74-85 [80].
  52. ↑ S. A. Al-Dabbagh (1978). "Ibn Al-Nafis and the pulmonary circulation", The Lancet 1, p. 1148.
  53. ↑ Husain F. Nagamia (2003), "Ibn al-Nafīs: A Biographical Sketch of the Discoverer of Pulmonary and Coronary Circulation", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 1, p. 22–28.
  54. ↑ Dr. Paul Ghalioungui (1982), "The West denies Ibn Al Nafis's contribution to the discovery of the circulation", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. The West denies Ibn Al Nafis's contribution to the discovery of the circulation, Encyclopedia of Islamic World)
  55. ↑ George Sarton (cf. Dr. Paul Ghalioungui (1982), "The West denies Ibn Al Nafis's contribution to the discovery of the circulation", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait)
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  56. ↑ Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).
  57. ↑ Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", p. 3 & 6, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.
  58. ↑ L. Leclerc (1876), Histoire de la medecine Arabe, vol. 2, p. 161, Paris.
    (cf. Salah Zaimeche, The Scholars of Aleppo: Al Mahassin, Al Urdi, Al-Lubudi, Al-Halabi, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation)
  59. 1 2 H. R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction, p. 136-138. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  60. 1 2 Rachel Hajar (1999), "The Greco-Islamic Pulse", Heart Views 1 (4), pp. 136-140 [138].
  61. ↑ Fancy, pp. 224-228
  62. ↑ Rachel Hajar (1999), "The Greco-Islamic Pulse", Heart Views 1 (4), pp. 136-140 [139-140].
  63. ↑ Fancy, pp. 224-228
  64. ↑ Michael W. Dols (1983), "The Leper in Medieval Islamic Society", Speculum 58 (4), p. 891-916.
  65. ↑ Medicine And Health, "Rise and Spread of Islam 622-1500: Science, Technology, Health", World Eras, Thomson Gale.
  66. ↑ Emilie Savage-Smith (1996), "Medicine", p. 917, in (Morelon & Rashed 1996, pp. 903-962)
  67. ↑ Prof. Dr. Mostafa Shehata, "The Ear, Nose and Throat in Islamic Medicine", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2003 (1): 2-5 [4].
  68. 1 2 3 Paul Vallely, How Islamic Inventors Changed the World, The Independent, 11 March 2006.
  69. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Patricia Skinner (2001), Unani-tibbi, Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine
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  71. ↑ Salma Almahdi (2003), "Muslim Scholar Contribution in Restorative Dentistry", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 2, pp. 56-57.
  72. 1 2 3 Salma Almahdi (2003), "Muslim Scholar Contribution in Restorative Dentistry", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 2, pp. 56-57 [57].
  73. 1 2 3 Ezzat Abouleish, "Contributions Of Islam To Medicine", in Shahid Athar (1993), Islamic Perspectives in Medicine, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  74. ↑ Fancy, pp. 147-148
  75. ↑ Fancy, p. 236
  76. ↑ Fancy, p. 237
  77. ↑ Georges C. Anawati, "Arabic alchemy", p. 868, in (Morelon & Rashed 1996, pp. 853-902)
  78. 1 2 S. Hadzovic (1997). "Pharmacy and the great contribution of Arab-Islamic science to its development", Medicinski Arhiv 51 (1-2), p. 47-50.
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  80. ↑ Levey M. (1973), Early Arabic Pharmacology, E. J. Brill, Leiden.
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  82. 1 2 3 4 5 Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992). Miracle of Islamic Science, Appendix B. Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0911119434.
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  84. 1 2 Khaled al-Hadidi (1978), "The Role of Muslem Scholars in Oto-rhino-Laryngology", The Egyptian Journal of O.R.L. 4 (1), p. 1-15. (cf. Ear, Nose and Throat Medical Practice in Muslim Heritage, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilization.)
  85. 1 2 Zafarul-Islam Khan, At The Threshold Of A New Millennium – II, The Milli Gazette.
  86. ↑ Dr. Monzur Ahmed, El Zahrawi (Albucasis) - father of surgery, Muslim Technologist, August 1990.
  87. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2002 (2): 2-9 [7].
  88. 1 2 Finger, Stanley (1994), Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Function, Oxford University Press, m/s. 70, ISBN 0195146948 
  89. ↑ Dr. Albert Zaki Iskandar (1982), "Comprehensive Book on the Art of Medicine", Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. Comprehensive Book on the Art of Medicine, Encyclopedia of Islamic World)
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  91. ↑ Sigrid Hunke (1969), Allah Sonne Uber Abendland, Unser Arabische Erbe, Second Edition, pp. 279-80 (cf. Prof. Dr. M. Taha Jasser, Anaesthesia in Islamic medicine and its influence on Western civilization, Conferenceon Islamic Medicine)
  92. 1 2 A. I. Makki. "Needles & Pins", AlShindagah 68, January-February 2006.
  93. ↑ Ingrid Hehmeyer and Aliya Khan (2007). "Islam's forgotten contributions to medical science", Canadian Medical Association Journal 176 (10).
  94. ↑ Mohamed Kamel Hussein (1978), The Concise History of Medicine and Pharmacy (cf. Mostafa Shehata, "The Father Of Islamic Medicine: An International Questionnaire", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2002 (2): 58-59 [58])
  95. ↑ Rabie E. Abdel-Halim, Ali S. Altwaijiri, Salah R. Elfaqih, Ahmad H. Mitwall (2003), "Extraction of urinary bladder described by Abul-Qasim Khalaf Alzahrawi (Albucasis) (325-404 H, 930-1013 AD)", Saudi Medical Journal 24 (12): 1283-1291 [1289].
  96. ↑ Finger, Stanley (1994), Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Function, Oxford University Press, m/s. 70, ISBN 0195146948 
  97. ↑ Marlene Ericksen (2000). Healing with Aromatherapy, p. 9. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0658003828.
  98. ↑ Prof. Nil Sari (Istanbul University, Cerrahpasha Medical School) (06 June, 2007). "Hindiba: A Drug for Cancer Treatment in Muslim Heritage". FSTC Limited.  Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)
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  154. ↑ Yemenite Sheik Claims to Have Found the Cure for AIDS di YouTube
  155. ↑ theStar (2007). "Mission in space" (dalam bahasa English).  Teks "publisherTheStar" diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |accessmonth= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |access-date=) (bantuan); Parameter |accessyear= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |access-date=) (bantuan)Selenggaraan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak dikenali (link)
  156. ↑ theStar (2007). "Tapping into space research" (dalam bahasa English). TheStar.  Parameter |accessyear= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |access-date=) (bantuan); Parameter |accessmonthday= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan)Selenggaraan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak dikenali (link)

Rujukan

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