1 2 3 American National Fire Protection Association (2005), Scawthorn, Charles; Eidinger, John M.; Schiff, Anshel J., para penyunting, Fire Following Earthquake, Issue 26 of Monograph (American Society of Civil Engineers. Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering), American Society of Civil Engineers Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering (edisi illustrated), ASCE Publications, m/s. 68, ISBN978-0-7844-0739-4
↑ Alexander Mckee's Dresden 1945: The Devil's Tinderbox
↑ "PROBLEMS OF FIRE IN NUCLEAR WARFARE (1961)" (PDF). Dtic.mil. Dicapai 2016-05-11. A fire storm is characterized by strong to gale force winds blowing toward the fire everywhere around the fire perimeter and results from the rising column of hot gases over an intense, mass fire drawing in the cool air from the periphery. These winds blow the fire brands into the burning area and tend to cool the unignited fuel outside so that ignition by radiated heat is more difficult, thus limiting fire spread.
↑ Hemphill, Stephanie (27 November 2002). "Peshtigo: A Tornado of Fire Revisited". Minnesota Public Radio. Dicapai 22 July 2015. Pekan ini adalah di tengah-tengah puting beliung api. Api itu datang dari semua arah pada satu masa, dan angin telah menderu pada 100 batu sejam.
↑ Fromm, M.; Tupper, A.; Rosenfeld, D.; Servranckx, R.; McRae, R. (2006). "Violent pyro-convective storm devastates Australia's capital and pollutes the stratosphere". Geophysical Research Letters. 33 (5). Bibcode:2006GeoRL..33.5815F. doi:10.1029/2005GL025161.
↑ "Archived copy". Diarkibkan daripada asal pada 5 December 2008. Dicapai 7 December 2010.
↑ Rodden, Robert M.; John, Floyd I.; Laurino, Richard (May 1965). Exploratory analysis of Firestorms., Stanford Research Institute, pp. 39, 40, 53–54. Office of Civil Defense, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.
↑ Werrell, Kenneth P (1996). Blankets of Fire. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. m/s. 164. ISBN1-56098-665-4.
↑ Michael D. Gordin (2007). Five days in August: how World War II became a nuclear war. Princeton University Press. m/s. 21. ISBN0-691-12818-9.
↑ "Canadian cities fuel loading from Validation of Methodologies to Determine Fire Load for Use in Structural Fire Protection" (PDF). Nfpa.org. 2011. m/s. 42. Dicapai 2016-05-11. (Inggeris)The mean fire load density in buildings, from the most accurate weighing method, was found to be 530 MJ/m^2. The fire load density of a building can be directly converted into building fuel load density as outlined in the document with Wood having a specific energy of ~18 MJ/kg. Thus 530/18 = 29 kg/m^2 of building fuel loading. This, again, is below the necessary 40kg/m^2 needed for a firestorm, even before the open spaces between buildings are included/before the corrective builtupness factor is applied and the all-important fire area fuel loading is found
↑ "Determining Design Fires for Design-level and Extreme Events, SFPE 6th International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods" (PDF). Fire.nist.gov. 14 June 2006. m/s. 3. Dicapai 2016-05-11. (Inggeris) The .90 fractile of buildings in Switzerland (that is 90% of buildings surveyed fall under the stated fire loading figure) had 'fuel loadings below the crucial 8 lb/sqft or 40 kg/m^2 density'. The .90 fractile is found by multiplying the mean value found by 1.65. Keep in mind, none of these figures even take the builtupness factor into consideration, thus the all-important fire area fuel loading is not presented, that is, the area including the open spaces between buildings. Unless otherwise stated within the publications, the data presented is individual building fuel loadings and not the essential fire area fuel loadings. As a point of example, a city with buildings of a mean fuel loading of 40kg/m^2 but with a builtupness factor of 70%, with the rest of the city area covered by pavements, etc., would have a fire area fuel loading of 0.7*40kg/m^2 present, or 28 kg/m^2 of fuel loading in the fire area. As the fuel load density publications generally do not specify the builtupness factor of the metropolis where the buildings were surveyed, one can safely assume that the fire area fuel loading would be some factor less if builtupness was taken into account
↑ "United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report". Marshall.csu.edu.au. Dicapai 2016-05-11. (Inggeris)The Survey has estimated that the damage and casualties caused at Hiroshima by the one atomic bomb dropped from a single plane would have required 220 B-29s carrying 1,200 tons of incendiary bombs, 400 tons of high-explosive bombs, and 500 tons of anti-personnel fragmentation bombs, if conventional weapons, rather than an atomic bomb, had been used. One hundred and twenty-five B-29s carrying 1,200 tons of bombs (Page 25 ) would have been required to approximate the damage and casualties at Nagasaki. This estimate pre-supposed bombing under conditions similar to those existing when the atomic bombs were dropped and bombing accuracy equal to the average attained by the Twentieth Air Force during the last 3 months of the war
Angell (1953) The number of bombers and tonnage of bombs are taken from a USAF document written in 1953 and classified secret until 1978. Also see Taylor (2005), front flap, which gives the figures 1,100 heavy bombers and 4,500 tons.
American National Fire Protection Association (2005), Scawthorn, Charles; Eidinger, John M.; Schiff, Anshel J., para penyunting, Fire Following Earthquake, Issue 26 of Monograph (American Society of Civil Engineers. Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering), American Society of Civil Engineers Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering (edisi illustrated), ASCE Publications, m/s. 68, ISBN978-0-7844-0739-4
De Bruhl, Marshall (2006), Firestorm: Allied Airpower and the Destruction of Dresden, Random House, ISBN978-0679435341
Gess, Denise; Lutz, William (2003) [2002], Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History, ISBN978-0-8050-7293-8
Frankland, Noble; Webster, Charles (1961), The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939–1945, Volume II: Endeavour, Part 4, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, m/s. 260–261
Hafemeister, David W, penyunting (1991), Physics and Nuclear Arms Today, Issue 4 of Readings from Physics Today (edisi illustrated), Springer, m/s. 24, ISBN978-0-88318-640-4
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