References Kritikan terhadap agama Kristian

  1. ↑ Browning, W.R.F. "[/doc/1O94-biblicalcriticism.html Biblical criticism.]" A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 8 Apr. 2010 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Robinson, B.A. "Biblical Criticism, including Form Criticism,Tradition Criticism, Higher Criticism, etc." Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 2008. Web: 8 Apr 2010. Biblical Criticism, including Form Criticism, Tradition Criticism, Higher Criticism, etc.
  3. 1 2 Mather, G.A. & L.A. Nichols, "Dictionary of Cults, Sects, Religions and the Occult," Zondervan (1993) (quoted in Robinson, B.A. "Biblical Criticism, including Form Criticism, radition Criticism, Higher Criticism, etc." Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 2008. Web: 8 Apr 2010. http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_hcri.htm
  4. ↑ See for example the list of alleged contradictions from The Skeptic's Annotated Bible and Robert G. Ingersoll's article Inspiration Of Bible.
  5. ↑ M.W.J. Phelan. The Inspiration of the Pentateuch, Two-edged Sword Publications (March 9, 2005) ISBN 978-0-9547205-6-8
  6. ↑ Ronald D. Witherup, Biblical Fundamentalism: What Every Catholic Should Know, Liturgical Press (2001), page 26.
  7. ↑ France, R.T., Tyndale New Testament Commentaries: Matthew, Inter-Varsity Press, Leicester, England (1985), pg. 17.
  8. ↑ Britannica Encyclopedia, Jesus Christ, p.17
  9. 1 2 3 Lindsell, Harold. "The Battle for the Bible", Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA (1976), pg. 38.
  10. 1 2 3 Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy
  11. ↑ As in 2Timothy 3:16, discussed by Thompson, Mark (2006). A Clear and Present Word. New Studies in Biblical Theology. Downers Grove: Apollos. m/s. 92. ISBN 1844741400. 
  12. ↑ Geisler & Nix (1986). A General Introduction to the Bible. Moody Press, Chicago. ISBN 0-8024-2916-5. 
  13. ↑ See notably Grudem, representative of recent scholarship with this emphasis (Grudem, Wayne (1994). Systematic Theology. Nottingham: Inter-Varsity Press. m/s. 90–105. ISBN 9780851106526. ).
  14. ↑ Till, Farrell (1991). "Prophecies: Imaginary and Unfulfilled". Internet Infidels. Dicapai 2007–01–16.  Check date values in: |access-date= (bantuan)
  15. ↑ Bellinger, W. & W. Farmer (1998). Jesus and the Suffering Servant: Isaiah 53 and Christian Origins. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International.
  16. ↑ Peter W. Stoner, Science Speaks, Moody Pr, 1958, ISBN 0-8024-7630-9
  17. ↑ Stephen L. Harris, Understanding the Bible. (McGraw-Hill, 2002) p 376-7
  18. 1 2 Biography of Isaac ben Abraham of Troki
  19. ↑ Chizzuk Emunah, TorahLab Store
  20. ↑ Pascal, Blaise (17th c.). Pensees. chapter x, xii, xiii.  Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)
  21. ↑ McDowell, Josh. The New Evidence that Demands a Verdict. chapter 8. 
  22. ↑ See, for example, the Council of Jerusalem described in Acts 15
  23. ↑ For instance "What's wrong with being gay?" at ChristianAnswers.net argues that the Old Testament prohibitions against homosexuality are renewed in the New Testament
  24. ↑ For example, http://ipc.faithweb.com/documents/THEONOMY.htm
  25. ↑ Bruce Metzger, cited in The Case for Christ, Lee Strobel
  26. ↑ Ehrman (2005), p.91
  27. ↑ Ehrman, Bart D. The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. New York: Oxford U. Press, 1993
  28. ↑ Wallace, Daniel B. "The Gospel According to Bart: A Review Article of Misquoting Jesus by Bart Ehrman," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, June 2006 (also available at Bible.org)
  29. ↑ Craig L. Blomberg, "Review of Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why," Denver Seminary, February 2006
  30. ↑ Thomas Howe, "A Response to Bart Ehrman's Misquoting Jesus,"[pautan putus] International Society of Christian Apologetics,"
  31. ↑ Ehrman, Bart D. (2006). Whose Word Is It?. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8264-9129-4.  p. 166
  32. ↑ Bruce Metzger "A Textual Commentary on the New Testament", Second Edition, 1994, German Bible Society
  33. 1 2 K. Aland and B. Aland, "The Text Of The New Testament: An Introduction To The Critical Editions & To The Theory & Practice Of Modern Text Criticism", 1995, op. cit., p. 29-30.
  34. 1 2 3 English Handbook Page 34[pautan putus]PDF (999 KB)
  35. ↑ Jew for Judaism[pautan putus]
  36. ↑ Dialogue of Justin Martyr, with Trypho, a Jew, LXIII
  37. ↑ See also the textus receptus text: "[…] ιδού η παρθένος εν γαστρί έξει και τέξεται υιόν και καλέσουσιν το όνομα αυτού Εμμανουήλ ο έστιν μεθερμηνευόμενος μεθ' ημών ο Θεός". (Matthew 1:23 Textus Receptus)
  38. ↑ Isaiah 7 Hebrew (Masoretic Text)-English (JPS 1917 Edition) Bible, Mechon-Mamre website
  39. ↑ The NAS New Testament Greek Lexicon
  40. ↑ Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-10-280290-3), article Virgin Birth of Christ
  41. ↑ Bibel-Online.NET - - Lutherbibel 1912
  42. ↑ Charles D. Isbell, Biblical Archaeological Review, June 1977, "Does the Gospel of Matthew Proclaim Mary’s Virginity?"[pautan putus]
  43. ↑ Martin Luther, "That Jesus Christ Was Born a Jew," in Luther's Works, vol. 45: The Christian in Society II, ed. H. T. Lehmann (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1962).
  44. ↑ Jews for Judaism website See also "Given the New Testament a Chance?" from the Messiah Truth website
  45. 1 2 David Sper, Managing Editor, "Questions Skeptics Ask About Messianic Prophecies," RBC Ministries, Grand Rapids, MI, 1997
  46. ↑ See Psalms 22:6-8,Templat:Bibleref2-nb; Templat:Bibleref2-nb, Templat:Bibleref2-nb; Isaiah 11:1, Templat:Bibleref2-nb, Templat:Bibleref2-nb,Templat:Bibleref2-nb; Daniel 9:26
  47. ↑
  48. ↑ Bruce L. Flamm, MD (2004). "Inherent Dangers of Faith-Healing Studies". The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine. 
  49. ↑ "Are Miracles Logically Impossible?". Come Reason Ministries, Convincing Christianity. Dicapai 2007-11-21. 
  50. ↑ ""Miracles are not possible," some claim. Is this true?". ChristianAnswers.net. Dicapai 2007-11-21. 
  51. ↑ Paul K. Hoffman. "A Jurisprudential Analysis Of Hume's "in Principal" Argument Against Miracles" (PDF). Christian Apologetics Journal, Volume 2, No. 1, Spring, 1999; Copyright ©1999 by Southern Evangelical Seminary. Diarkibkan daripada asal (PDF) pada October 26, 2007. Dicapai 2007-11-21. 
  52. ↑ Melvin E. Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg (2003). Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. m/s. 496. Of all religions, Christianity has been most associated with colonialism because several of its forms (Catholicism and Protestantism) were the religions of the European powers engaged in colonial enterprise on a global scale. 
  53. ↑ Bevans, Steven. "Christian Complicity in Colonialism/ Globalism" (PDF). Dicapai 2010-11-17. The modern missionary era was in many ways the ‘religious arm’ of colonialism, whether Portuguese and Spanish colonialism in the sixteenth Century, or British, French, German, Belgian or American colonialism in the nineteenth. This was not all bad — oftentimes missionaries were heroic defenders of the rights of indigenous peoples 
  54. ↑ Andrews, Edward (2010). "Christian Missions and Colonial Empires Reconsidered: A Black Evangelist in West Africa, 1766–1816". Journal of Church & State. 51 (4): 663–691. doi:10.1093/jcs/csp090. Historians have traditionally looked at Christian missionaries in one of two ways. The first church historians to catalogue missionary history provided hagiographic descriptions of their trials, successes, and sometimes even martyrdom. Missionaries were thus visible saints, exemplars of ideal piety in a sea of persistent savagery. However, by the middle of the twentieth century, an era marked by civil rights movements, anti-colonialism, and growing secularization, missionaries were viewed quite differently. Instead of godly martyrs, historians now described missionaries as arrogant and rapacious imperialists. Christianity became not a saving grace but a monolithic and aggressive force that missionaries imposed upon defiant natives. Indeed, missionaries were now understood as important agents in the ever-expanding nation-state, or “ideological shock troops for colonial invasion whose zealotry blinded them. 
  55. ↑ Meador, Jake. "Cosmetic Christianity and the Problem of Colonialism – Responding to Brian McLaren". Dicapai 2010-ate=2010-11-17. According to Jake Meador, "some Christians have tried to make sense of post-colonial Christianity by renouncing practically everything about the Christianity of the colonizers. They reason that if the colonialists’ understanding of Christianity could be used to justify rape, murder, theft, and empire then their understanding of Christianity is completely wrong.  Check date values in: |access-date= (bantuan)
  56. ↑ Conquistadors, Michael Wood, p. 20, BBC Publications, 2000
  57. ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia Slavery and Christianity
  58. 1 2 Ostling, Richard N. (2005-09-17). "Human slavery: why was it accepted in the Bible?". Salt Lake City Deseret Morning News. Dicapai 2007-01-03. 
  59. ↑ Rodney Stark, For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-Hunts, and the End of Slavery ISBN 978-0-691-11436-1 (2003)
  60. ↑ Lamin Sanneh, Abolitionists Abroad: American Blacks and the Making of Modern West Africa, Harvard University Press ISBN 978-0-674-00718-5 (2001)
  61. ↑ Ostling, Richard N. (2005-09-17). "Human slavery: why was it accepted in the Bible?". Salt Lake City Deseret Morning News. Dicapai 2007-01-03. 
  62. ↑ Abolitionist Movement. MSN Encyclopedia Encarta. Microsoft. Diarkibkan daripada asal pada 2009-10-31. Dicapai 2007-01-03. 
  63. ↑ Martin, William. 1996. With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America. New York: Broadway Books.
  64. ↑ Diamond, Sara, 1998. Not by Politics Alone: The Enduring Influence of the Christian Right, New York: Guilford Press, p.213.
  65. ↑ Ortiz, Chris 2007. "Gary North on D. James Kennedy", Chalcedon Blog, 6 September 2007.
  66. ↑ Civil Rights Movement in the United States. MSN Encyclopedia Encarta. Microsoft. Diarkibkan daripada asal pada 2009-10-31. Dicapai 2007-01-03. 
  67. ↑ "Religious Revivalism in the Civil Rights Movement". African American Review. Winter, 2002. Dicapai 2007-01-03.  Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)
  68. ↑ "Martin Luther King: The Nobel Peace Prize 1964". The Nobel Foundation. Dicapai 2006–01–03.  Check date values in: |access-date= (bantuan)
  69. ↑ Thurston, Herbert. St. Joan of Arc. 1910. Catholic Encyclopedia. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08409c.htm
  70. ↑ Feminist philosophy of religion
  71. ↑ The Status Of Women In The Old Testament
  72. ↑ The Status Of Women In The Old Testament
  73. ↑ The Woman's Bible
  74. ↑ Clark, Elizabeth. "Women in the Early Church".
  75. ↑ Jesus' Family Tree
  76. 1 2 "King, Karen L. "Women in Ancient Christianity: the New Discoveries." Karen L. King is Professor of New Testament Studies and the History of Ancient Christianity at Harvard University in the Divinity School. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/women.html
  77. ↑ Stagg, Evelyn and Frank. Woman in the World of Jesus. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978. ISBN 0-664-24195-6
  78. ↑ Bilezikian, Gilbert. Beyond Sex Roles (2nd ed.) Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker, 1989, ISBN 978-0-8010-0885-6. pp. 82–104
  79. ↑ Schalom Ben-Chorin.Brother Jesus: the Nazarene through Jewish eyes. U of Georgia Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8203-2256-8, p.66
  80. ↑ See "About the [[Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus]]".  Konflik URL–wikilink (bantuan)
  81. ↑ http://www.cbeinternational.org Christians for Biblical Equality (CBE)
  82. ↑ Ronald W. Pierce and Rebecca Merrill Groothuis (eds.). Discovering Biblical Equality: Complementarity without Hierarchy. IVP 2004. m/s. 17. Selenggaraan CS1: Extra text: senarai pengarang (link)
  83. ↑ Grudem, Wayne A. "Should We Move Beyond the New Testament to a Better Ethic?" Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society (JETS), 47/2 (June 2004) 299–346
  84. ↑ Eck, Diana L. Encountering God: A Spiritual Journey from Bozeman to Banaras. (2003) p. 98
  85. ↑ "Baptist Faith and Message" Online: http://www.sbc.net/bfm/bfm2000.asp
  86. ↑ "CNN.com-US-Southern Baptists vote against women pastors-June 14, 2000".  [pautan putus]
  87. ↑ http://www.kaldaya.net/2008/DailyNews/08/Aug16_08_A1_MaryAssumptions.html, The second image shows deaconesses on August 15th, for the prayers on the day of the Assumption of Mary
  88. ↑ The 9 Most Important Issues Facing the Evangelical Church
  89. ↑ See, for example, Everybody's Talkin' About Christian Fascism by Gary Leupp.
  90. ↑ George Bush and the Rise of Christian Fascism
  91. ↑ Clarke, Arthur C. & Watts, Alan (January), “At the Interface: Technology and Mysticism”, Playboy (Chicago, Ill.: HMH Publishing) 19 (1): 94, ISBN 0032-1478, OCLC 3534353
  92. ↑ Alister McGrath and Joanna Collicutt McGrath, The Dawkins Delusion?, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 2007, ISBN 978-0-281-05927-0
  93. ↑ International encyclopedia of violence research, Volume 2. Springer. 2003. 
  94. 1 2 J. Denny Weaver (2001). "Violence in Christian Theology". Cross Currents. Dicapai 2010-10-27. I am using broad definitions of the terms "violence" and "nonviolence." "Violence" means harm or damage, which obviously includes the direct violence of killing -- in war, capital punishment, murder -- but also covers the range of forms of systemic violence such as poverty, racism, and sexism. "Nonviolence" also covers a spectrum of attitudes and actions, from the classic Mennonite idea of passive nonresistance through active nonviolence and nonviolent resistance that would include various kinds of social action, confrontations and posing of alternatives that do not do bodily harm or injury. 
  95. ↑ Sam Harris (2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Alfred A. Knopf. m/s. 80–81. ISBN 9780307265777. 
  96. ↑ War, A Catholic Dictionary: Containing some Account of the Doctrine, Discipline, Rites, Ceremonies, Councils, and Religious Orders of the Catholic Church, W. E Addis, T. Arnold, Revised T. B Scannell and P. E Hallett, 15th Edition, Virtue & Co, 1953, Nihil Obstat: Reginaldus Philips, Imprimatur: E. Morrogh Bernard, 2 October 1950, "In the Name of God : Violence and Destruction in the World's Religions", M. Jordan, 2006, p. 40
  97. ↑ Quotation: "The conflict thesis, at least in its simple form, is now widely perceived as a wholly inadequate intellectual framework within which to construct a sensible and realistic historiography of Western science." (p. 7), from the essay by Colin A. Russell "The Conflict Thesis" in Gary Ferngren (editor). Science & Religion: A Historical Introduction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8018-7038-0".
  98. ↑ Quotation: "In the late Victorian period it was common to write about the "warfare between science and religion" and to presume that the two bodies of culture must always have been in conflict. However, it is a very long time since these attitudes have been held by historians of science." (p. 195) Shapin, S. (1996). The Scientific Revolution. University of Chicago Press Chicago, Ill. 
  99. ↑ Quotation: "In its traditional forms, the [conflict] thesis has been largely discredited." (p. 42) Brooke, J.H. (1991). Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. 
  100. ↑ Quotation from Ferngren's introduction at "Gary Ferngren (editor). Science & Religion: A Historical Introduction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8018-7038-0.":"…while [John] Brooke's view [of a complexity thesis rather than conflict thesis] has gained widespread acceptance among professional historians of science, the traditional view remains strong elsewhere, not least in the popular mind." (p. x)
  101. ↑ Gary Ferngren (editor). Science & Religion: A Historical Introduction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8018-7038-0. (Introduction, p. ix)
  102. ↑ From Ferngren's introduction:
    "…while [John] Brooke's view [of a complexity thesis rather than conflict thesis] has gained widespread acceptance among professional historians of science, the traditional view remains strong elsewhere, not least in the popular mind. (p. x)-Gary Ferngren, (2002); Introduction, p. ix)
  103. ↑ Sagan, Carl. Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, Episode 3: "The Harmony of the Worlds"
  104. ↑ Christian Influences In The Sciences
  105. ↑ World's Greatest Creation Scientists from Y1K to Y2K
  106. ↑ The compass in this 13th century manuscript is a symbol of God's act of Creation.
    * Thomas Woods, How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization, (Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005), ISBN 0-89526-038-7
  107. ↑ "J.L. Heilbron". London Review of Books. Dicapai 2006-09-15. [pautan putus]
  108. ↑ Lindberg, David (2003). When Science and Christianity Meet. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-48214-6.  Parameter |month= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
  109. ↑ Goldstein, Thomas (1995). Dawn of Modern Science: From the Ancient Greeks to the Renaissance. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80637-1.  Parameter |month= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan)
  110. ↑ Pope John Paul II (1998). "Fides et Ratio (Faith and Reason), IV". Dicapai 2006-09-15.  Parameter |month= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan)
  111. ↑ Jaki, Stanley L. The Savior of Science, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company (July 2000), ISBN 0-8028-4772-2.
  112. ↑ David C. Lindberg, "The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition: Saint Augustine, Roger Bacon, and the Handmaiden Metaphor", in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, ed. When Science & Christianity Meet, (Chicago: University of Chicago Pr., 2003).
  113. ↑ quoted in: Peters, Ted. "Science and Religion". Encyclopedia of Religion pg. 8182
  114. ↑ quoted in Ted Peters,Science and Religion, Encyclopedia of Religion, p.8182
  115. ↑ Howard W. Clarke, The Gospel of Matthew and Its Readers, Indiana University Press, 2003, p. 12
  116. ↑ William Lane Craig, Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, Crossway Books (1994) pages 38-39.
  117. ↑ "Let no cultured person draw near, none wise and none sensible, for all that kind of thing we count evil; but if any man is ignorant, if any man is wanting in sense and culture, if anybody is a fool, let him come boldly [to become a Christian]. Celsus, AD178
  118. ↑ "Since we all inherit Adam's sin, we all deserve eternal damnation. All who die unbaptized, even infants, will go to hell and suffer unending torment. We have no reason to complain of this, since we are all wicked. (In the Confessions, the Saint enumerates the crimes of which he was guilty in the cradle.) But by God's free grace certain people, among those who have been baptized, are chosen to go to heaven; these are the elect. They do not go to heaven because they are good; we are all totally depraved, except insofar as God's grace, which is only bestowed on the elect, enables us to be otherwise. No reason can be given why some are saved and the rest damned; this is due to God's unmotivated choice. Damnation proves God's justice; salvation His mercy. Both equally display His goodness." A history of Western Philosophy by Bertrand Russell, Simon & Schuster, 1945
  119. ↑ Bible Teaching and Religious Practice essay: "Europe and Elsewhere," Mark Twain, 1923)
  120. ↑ Albert Einstein, Out of My Later Years (New York: Philosophical Library, 1950), p. 27
  121. ↑ What do Orthodox Christians teach about death and when we die?
  122. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1035, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, ISBN 0-89243-565-8,1994-the revised version issued 1997 has no changes in this section
  123. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1033, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, ISBN 0-89243-565-8,1994
  124. ↑ Richard Beck. "Christ and Horrors, Part 3: Horror Defeat, Universalism, and God's Reputation". Experimental Theology. March 19, 2007.
  125. ↑ Jonathan Kvanvig, The Problem of Hell, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-508487-0, 1993
  126. ↑ Cultural Anxieties over the Child in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries by William F. MacLehose
  127. ↑ Canon Law 1983
  128. 1 2 CNS STORY: Vatican commission: Limbo reflects 'restrictive view of salvation'
  129. ↑ n:Vatican abolishes Limbo
  130. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church. New York: Doubleday. 1994. m/s. 845. ISBN 0-385-47967-0. 
  131. ↑ Limbo: Recent statements by the Catholic church; Protestant views on Limbo at Religioustolerance.org
  132. ↑ Root of All Evil? (2006) (TV)-Memorable quotes
  133. ↑ McGrath, Alister (2004). Dawkins' God: Genes, Memes, and the Meaning of Life. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing. m/s. 81. ISBN 1-405-12538-1. 
  134. ↑ Dawkins, Richard (September 17, 2007). "Do you have to read up on leprechology before disbelieving in them?". RichardDawkins.net. Dicapai 2007-11-14. 
  135. ↑ Marianna Krejci-Papa, 2005. "Taking On Dawkins' God:An interview with Alister McGrath." Science & Theology News, 2005–04–25.
  136. ↑ Dinesh D'Souza, What's So Great About Christianity, Regnery Publishing, ISBN 1-59698-517-8 (2007)
  137. ↑ Andrew Wilson, Deluded by Dawkins?, Kingsway Publications, ISBN 978-1-84291-355-0 (2007)
  138. ↑ A Biographical Appreciation of Robert Green Ingersoll: Chapter 11
  139. ↑ Brandt, Eric T., and Timothy Larsen (2011). "The Old Atheism Revisited: Robert G. Ingersoll and the Bible". Journal of the Historical Society. 11 (2): 211–238. 
  140. ↑ More Than A Carpenter, Tyndale House, Wheaton, Illinois, 1977, ISBN 978-0-8423-4552-1
  141. ↑ Jeffery, Steve; Ovey, Michael; Sach, Andrew (2007). Pierced for our transgressions. Nottingham: Inter-Varsity Press. ch. 13. ISBN 9781844741786. 
  142. ↑ Most notably, Matthew 10:22-23, Templat:Bibleref2-nb, Templat:Bibleref2-nb, Templat:Bibleref2-nb, Templat:Bibleref2-nb; Mark 9:1, Templat:Bibleref2-nb, Templat:Bibleref2-nb; and Luke 9:27
  143. ↑ In his famous essay Why I Am Not a Christian
  144. ↑ Dr. Knox Chamblin, Professor of New Testament Emeritus, Columbia Theological Seminary: Commentary on Matthew 16:21-28 - see last 4 paragraphs
  145. ↑ Theodor Zahn, F.F. Bruce, J. Barton Payne, etc. hold this opinion - What is the meaning of Matthew 10:23?
  146. 1 2 From Witchcraft to Justice: Death and Afterlife in the Old Testament, George E. Mendenhall.
  147. 1 2 Hiroshi Obayashi, Death and Afterlife: Perspectives of World Religions. See Introduction.
  148. ↑ Jewish eschatology#Olam Haba - the afterlife and the world to come Jewish eschatology: The afterlife and olam haba
  149. ↑ Acts 23:6-8 (NASB)
  150. ↑ Pharisees#Pharisaic principles and values Pharisees: Pharisaic Principles and Values
  151. ↑ Essenes#Rules, customs, theology and beliefs Essenes: Rules, customs, theology and beliefs
  152. ↑ About 91% of young outsiders felt Christians were anti-homosexual, 87% felt Christians were judgemental and 85% thought Christians were hypocritical.
  153. ↑ unChristian: What a New Generation Really Thinks about Christianity… and Why It Matters, David Kinnaman and Gabe Lyons, Baker Books, October 1, 2007, ISBN 0-8010-1300-3
  154. ↑ Who Do People Say We Are? It doesn't hurt to listen to what non-Christians think of us., A Christianity Today editorial, Christianity Today, December 12, 2007
  155. ↑ Gaudium et Spes, 19
  156. ↑ The Evangelical Scandal | Christianity Today | A Magazine of Evangelical Conviction
  157. ↑ Dallas Morning News
  158. ↑ Marriage 103: The Raw Reality of Divorce and its Terrible Results
  159. ↑ Chip Berlet, "Following the Threads," in Ansell, Amy E. Unraveling the Right: The New Conservatism in American Thought and Politics, pp. 24, Westview Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8133-3147-1
  160. ↑ "MPs turn attack back on Cardinal Pell". Sydney Morning Herald. 2007-06-06. 
  161. ↑ "Pope warns Bush on stem cells". BBC News. 2001-07-23. 
  162. ↑ Andrew Dickson, White (1898). A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. m/s. X. Theological Opposition to Inoculation, Vaccination, and the Use of Anaesthetics. 
  163. ↑ As quoted by William Rees-Mogg 4 April 2005 edition of the The Times. Gandhi here makes reference to a statement of Jesus: “No servant can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be loyal to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and mammon." (Luke 16:13)
  164. ↑ Schopenhauer, Arthur. "Religion: A Dialogue". The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan)
  165. ↑ see e.g.: John Coffey, Persecution and Toleration on Protestant England 1558-1689, 2000, p.22
  166. ↑
    • Lutz E. von Padberg (1998), Die Christianisierung Europas im Mitterlalter, Reclam (Jerman), p. 183
  167. ↑ The Evangelical Scandal
  168. ↑ Examples of authors who argue the Jesus myth theory: Thomas L. Thompson The Messiah Myth: The Near Eastern Roots of Jesus and David (Jonathan Cape, Publisher, 2006); Michael Martin, The Case Against Christianity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 36–72; John Mackinnon Robertson
  169. ↑ Freke, Timothy and Gandy, Peter (1999) The Jesus Mysteries. London: Thorsons (Harper Collins)
  170. ↑ Brian Branston, The Lost Gods of England
  171. ↑ McClymond 2004, halaman 23–24; Sloyan 1995, halaman 9; Brunner 2002, halaman 164; Wood 1934, halaman xxxiii & 54; Case 1912, halaman 76–77; Wright 2004, halaman 48
  172. ↑ The historian Michael Grant states that, "To sum up, modern critical methods fail to support the Christ myth theory. It has 'again and again been answered and annihilated by first rank scholars.' In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary."-Michael Grant, Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels (Scribner, 1995).
  173. ↑ "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more.” Burridge, R & Gould, G, Jesus Now and Then, Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2004, p.34.
  174. ↑ Michael James McClymond, Familiar Stranger: An Introduction to Jesus of Nazareth, Eerdrmans (2004), page 24: most scholars regard the argument for Jesus' non-existence as unworthy of any response".
  175. ↑ "Van Voorst is quite right in saying that “mainstream scholarship today finds it unimportant” [p.6, n.9]. Most of their comments (such as those quoted by Michael Grant) are limited to expressions of contempt."-Earl Doherty, "Responses to Critiques of the Mythicist Case: Four: Alleged Scholarly Refutations of Jesus Mythicism", available http://home.ca.inter.net/~oblio/CritiquesRefut3.htm[pautan putus]. Retrieved 05 January 2008.
  176. ↑ Charlesworth, James H. (ed.) (2006). Jesus and Archaeology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-4880-X. Selenggaraan CS1: Extra text: senarai pengarang (link)
  177. ↑ Smith, Jonathan Z. (1987). "Dying and Rising Gods". dalam Mircea Eliade. The Encyclopedia of Religion. 3. New York: MacMillan. m/s. 521–527. ISBN 978-0029094808. 

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