Nota Orang_Yahudi

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Annual Assessment (PDF) p. 11. Jewish People Policy Planning Institute (Jewish Agency for Israel) (2006)., sourced from American Jewish Year Book. 106. American Jewish Committee. 2006.
  2. ↑ 2006 census
  3. ↑ Jews in Hungary
  4. ↑ Jewishtucson.org
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "The Jewish Population of the World (2006)". Jewish Virtual Library., sourced from American Jewish Year Book. 106. American Jewish Committee. 2006.
  6. ↑ SSEJ
  7. ↑ Antisemitism And Racism
  8. ↑ According to the The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000): "It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the noun Jew, in phrases such as Jew lawyer or Jew ethics, is both vulgar and highly offensive. In such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a practice that carries risks of its own. In a sentence such as There are now several Jews on the council, which is unobjectionable, the substitution of a circumlocution like Jewish people or persons of Jewish background may in itself cause offense for seeming to imply that Jew has a negative connotation when used as a noun. "Jew", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000).
  9. ↑ Johnson (1987), p. 82.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Data based on a study by Jewish People Policy Institute (JPPI): "World Jewry was estimated at 13,085,000 at thebeginning of 2006, an overall increase of 0.4% over 2005." See Jewish people near zero growth by Tovah Lazaroff, Jerusalem Post, June 24, 2004.
  11. 1 2 Pfeffer, Anshel. "Jewish Agency: 13.2 million Jews worldwide on eve of Rosh Hashanah, 5768". Haaretz Daily Newspaper Israel. Diarkib daripada yang asal pada 2007-08-02. Dicapai pada 2007-09-13.
  12. ↑ Michael, E. (2005-02-28). The Complete Book of When and Where: In The Bible And Throughout History. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. halaman 20–1, 67. ISBN 0842355081. Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|author= dicadangkan) (bantuan); Periksa date values in: |date= (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  13. ↑ Sicker, Martin (2001-01-30). Between Rome and Jerusalem: 300 Years of Roman-Judaean Relations. Praeger Publishers. m/s. 2. ISBN 0275971406. Periksa date values in: |date= (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  14. ↑ Zank, Michael. "Center of the Persian Satrapy of Judah (539-323)". Boston University. Dicapai pada 2007-01-22.
  15. ↑ Schiffman, Lawrence H. (1991). From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism. Ktav Publishing House. halaman 60–79. ISBN 0-88125-371-5.
  16. ↑ "Who Is a Jew?". JewFAQ.org. Dicapai pada 2008-06-30.
  17. ↑ Weiner, Rebecca (2007). "Who is a Jew?". Jewish Virtual Library. Dicapai pada 2007-10-06.
  18. ↑ Fowler, Jeaneane D. (1997). World Religions: An Introduction for Students. Sussex Academic Press. m/s. 7. ISBN 1898723486.
  19. ↑ Bauer, Yehuda. "Problems of Contemporary Anti-Semitism", 2003, p. 2. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
  20. ↑ Schmelz, Usiel Oscar (2007). Fred Skolnik (penyunting). Demography. Encyclopaedia Judaica (ed. 2d ed.). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. halaman pp. 571. ISBN 0-02-865928-2 Periksa nilai |isbn= value: checksum (bantuan). Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|author= dicadangkan) (bantuan)Selenggaraan CS1: teks ekstra (link)
  21. 1 2 3 Hammer, M. F. (2000). "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97: 6769. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997. PMID 10801975. Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan); Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|author= dicadangkan) (bantuan)
  22. 1 2 "Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora". New York Times. 2000. Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan)
  23. ↑ Hammer, et al. Figure 2: Plot of populations based on Y-chromosome haplotype data.
  24. ↑ Behar, Doron M. (2006). "The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event" (PDF). The American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (3): 487–97. doi:10.1086/500307. PMID 16404693. Diarkib daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2006-02-18. Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan); Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|author= dicadangkan) (bantuan)
  25. ↑ Nebel, Almut (2001). "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (5): 1095–112. Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan); Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|author= dicadangkan) (bantuan)
  26. 1 2 Hammer, M. F. (1997). "Y Chromosomes of Jewish Priests". NATURE, Volume 385. Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|author= dicadangkan) (bantuan); Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan)
  27. 1 2 3 "Priestly Gene Shared By Widely Dispersed Jews". American Society For Technion, Israel Institute Of Technology. 1998. Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan)
  28. ↑ For the 5.3 million figure, data based on official 2001 survey as told in the Jerusalem Post. See Report: More Jews in Israel than in any other country by Seth Freedman, Jerusalem Post, May 1, 2006.).
  29. ↑ The 6.155 million total is based on a 2003 US census compilation of estimates from local Jewish federations.
  30. ↑ "Population, by religion" (PDF). Israeli central bureau of statistics. 2007. Dicapai pada 2007-11-13.
  31. ↑ Beyond 20/20 WDS, Central Statistics Office Ireland.
  32. ↑ The US State Department Religious Freedom Report estimates the number of Jews in Russia alone at 600,000 to 1 million.
  33. 1 2 MacIsaac, Daniel (2003-02-06). "Ukraine's Jews say fear led to low numbers in recent census". ACROSS THE FORMER SOVIET UNION (dalam bahasa English). JTA. Dicapai pada 2007-01-10.Selenggaraan CS1: bahasa tidak dikenali (link)
  34. ↑ Jewish community in Hungary
  35. ↑ The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Guatemala
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 Jewish Virtual Library, JewFAQ
  37. ↑ Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIMA), 1996 Census
  38. ↑ Telahoun, Tesfu (2008-03-11). "Israel at 60". Capital Ethiopia. Dicapai pada 2008-07-03.
  39. ↑ Naggar, David (2006-11-07). "The Case for a Larger Israel". israelinsider.com. Dicapai pada 2008-07-03.
  40. 1 2 "Israel". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2007-06-19. Dicapai pada 2007-07-20. Periksa date values in: |date= (bantuan)
  41. ↑ "The Electoral System in Israel". The Knesset. Dicapai pada 2007-08-08.
  42. ↑ "Country's Report Israel". Freedom House.
  43. ↑ "Population, by Religion and Population Group". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2006. Dicapai pada 2007-08-07.
  44. ↑ Dekmejian 1975, halaman 247. "And most [Oriental-Sephardic Jews] came... because of Arab persecution resulting from the very attempt to establish a Jewish state in Palestine."
  45. ↑ "airlifted tens of thousands of Ethiopian Jews". Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|access-date= dicadangkan) (bantuan); Parameter |accessmonthday= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan)
  46. ↑ History of Dissident Movement in the USSR by Ludmila Alekseyeva. Vilnius, 1992 (in Russian)
  47. ↑ Goldstein (1995) p. 24
  48. ↑ 2000 Tabulados de Religión
  49. ↑ Waxman, Chaim I. (2007). "Annual Assessment 2007" (PDF). Jewish People Policy Planning Institute (Jewish Agency for Israel). halaman pp. 40-42. Dicapai pada 2008-07-03.Selenggaraan CS1: teks ekstra (link)
  50. ↑ "The Ingathering of the Exiles". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  51. ↑ Littman (1979), p. 5.
  52. ↑ "NJPS: Intermarriage: Defining and Calculating Intermarriage". Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|access-date= dicadangkan) (bantuan); Parameter |accessmonthday= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan)
  53. ↑ "World Jewish Congress Online". Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|access-date= dicadangkan) (bantuan); Parameter |accessmonthday= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan)
  54. ↑ "The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Mexico". Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|access-date= dicadangkan) (bantuan); Parameter |accessmonthday= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan)
  55. ↑ Carroll, James. Constantine's Sword (Houghton Mifflin, 2001) ISBN 0-395-77927-8 p.26
  56. ↑ Gartner, Lloyd P. (2001). History of the Jews in Modern Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press. halaman pp. 400-401. ISBN 0-19-289259-2.Selenggaraan CS1: teks ekstra (link)
  57. 1 2 Grintz, Jehoshua M. "Hebrew as the Spoken and Written Language in the Last Days of the Second Temple." Journal of Biblical Literature. March, 1960.
  58. ↑ Parfitt, T. V. "The Use of Hebrew in Palestine 1800–1822." Journal of Semitic Studies , 1972.
  59. ↑ "Jewish Languages". Beth Hatefutsoth, The Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora. Dicapai pada 2008-07-03.
  60. ↑ Neusner (1991) p. 64
  61. ↑ Netzer, Amnon (2007). Fred Skolnik (penyunting). Iran. Encyclopaedia Judaica (ed. 2d ed.). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. halaman p. 13. ISBN 0-02-865928-2 Periksa nilai |isbn= value: checksum (bantuan).Selenggaraan CS1: teks ekstra (link)
  62. ↑ Syme, Daniel B. (2004). The Jewish Home: A Guide for Jewish Living. New York: URJ Press. halaman p. 87. ISBN 0-8074-0851-4. To this day, most Jews will not walk through the arch, and many will spit on it as they pass by.Selenggaraan CS1: teks ekstra (link)
  63. ↑ Johnson (1987), p. 142.
  64. ↑ Johnson (1987), p. 143.
  65. ↑ Johnson (1987), pp. 95-96.
  66. ↑ Johnson (1987), p. 152.
  67. ↑ Salo Wittmayer Baron, “A Social and Religious History of the Jews,” Volume II, Ancient Times, Part II. Jewish Publication Society of America, 1952.p. 200
  68. ↑ Salo Wittmayer Baron, “A Social and Religious History of the Jews,” Volume II, Ancient Times, Part II. Jewish Publication Society of America, 1952. p200
  69. ↑ Salo Wittmayer Baron, “A Social and Religious History of the Jews,” Volume II, Ancient Times, Part II. Jewish Publication Society of America, 1952.p. 215
  70. ↑ ibid, p. 215
  71. ↑ Salo Wittmayer Baron, “A Social and Religious History of the Jews,” Volume II, Ancient Times, Part II. Jewish Publication Society of America, 1952. p. 216
  72. ↑ Salo Wittmayer Baron, “A Social and Religious History of the Jews,” Volume II, Ancient Times, Part II. Jewish Publication Society of America, 1952. p. 217
  73. ↑ Salo Wittmayer Baron, “A Social and Religious History of the Jews,” Volume II, Ancient Times, Part II. Jewish Publication Society of America, 1952. p. 210
  74. 1 2 Johnson (1987), p. 112.
  75. ↑ "S. Safrai, 'The Era of the Mishnah and Talmud (70-640)' in H.H. Ben-Sasson, editor, History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, p. 364)
  76. ↑ F.E. Peters, "The Harvest of Hellenism" p. 296
  77. 1 2 Katz, Shmuel, Battleground (1974)
  78. ↑ Setton, Kenneth M. (1985). A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press. halaman p. 69. ISBN 0-299-09144-9. Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (|author= dicadangkan) (bantuan)Selenggaraan CS1: teks ekstra (link)
  79. ↑ Setton et al. (1985), p. 71.
  80. ↑ Norman F. Cantor, The Last Knight: The Twilight of the Middle Ages and the Birth of the Modern Era, Free Press, 2004. ISBN-10: 0743226887, p. 28-29
  81. ↑ Johnson (1987), pp. 207-208.
  82. ↑ Johnson (1987), pp. 174, 211-213.
  83. ↑ Cowling (2005), p. 265
  84. ↑ Poliakov (1974), pg.91-6
  85. ↑ Poliakov (1974), pg.68-71
  86. ↑ The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries
  87. ↑ Granada by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906 ed.
  88. ↑ "The Jews of Morocco".
  89. ↑ "The Jews of Egypt".
  90. ↑ "The Jews of Syria".
  91. ↑ "The Jews of Yemen".
  92. ↑ The Forgotten Refugees
  93. ↑ Sephardim
  94. ↑ Kraemer, Joel L., Moses Maimonides: An Intellectual Portrait in The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides pp. 16-17 (2005)
  95. ↑ Rosenthal, Herman (2002). "Haskalah". Jewish Encyclopedia. Dicapai pada 2008-02-09.
  96. ↑ Johnson (1987), p. 306.
  97. ↑ Johnson (1987), pp. 374, 402.
  98. ↑ "An international movement originally for the establishment of a Jewish national or religious community in Palestine and later for the support of modern Israel." ("Zionism," Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary). See also "Zionism", Encyclopedia Britannica, which describes it as a "Jewish nationalist movement that has had as its goal the creation and support of a Jewish national state in Palestine, the ancient homeland of the Jews (Hebrew: Eretz Yisra'el, “the Land of Israel”)," and The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, which defines it as "A Jewish movement that arose in the late 19th century in response to growing anti-Semitism and sought to reestablish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Modern Zionism is concerned with the support and development of the state of Israel."
  99. ↑ Ernest Gellner, 1983. Nations and Nationalism (First edition), p 107-108.
  100. ↑ A national liberation movement:
  101. ↑ "...from Zion, where King David fashioned the first Jewish nation" (Friedland, Roger and Hecht, Richard To Rule Jerusalem, p. 27).
  102. ↑ "By the late Second Temple times, when widely held Messianic beliefs were so politically powerful in their implications and repercussions, and when the significance of political authority, territorial sovereignty, and religious belief for the fate of the Jews as a people was so widely and vehemently contested, it seems clear that Jewish nationhood was a social and cultural reality". (Roshwald, Aviel. "Jewish Identity and the Paradox of Nationalism", in Berkowitz, Michael (ed.). Nationalism, Zionism and Ethnic Mobilization of the Jews in 1900 and Beyond, p. 15).
  103. ↑ Largely a response to anti-Semitism:
    • "A Jewish movement that arose in the late 19th century in response to growing anti-Semitism and sought to reestablish a Jewish homeland in Palestine." ("Zionism", The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition).
    • "The Political Zionists conceived of Zionism as the Jewish response to anti-Semitism. They believed that Jews must have an independent state as soon as possible, in order to have a place of refuge for endangered Jewish communities." (Wylen, Stephen M. Settings of Silver: An Introduction to Judaism, Second Edition, Paulist Press, 2000, p. 392).
    • "Zionism, the national movement to return Jews to their homeland in Israel, was founded as a response to anti-Semitism in Western Europe and to violent persecution of Jews in Eastern Europe." (Calaprice, Alice. The Einstein Almanac, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004, p. xvi).
    • "The major response to anti-semitism was the emergence of Zionism under the leadership of Theodor Herzl in the late nineteenth century." (Matustik, Martin J. and Westphal, Merold. Kierkegaard in Post/Modernity, Indiana University Press, 1995, p. 178).
    • "Zionism was founded as a response to anti-Semitism, principally in Russia, but took off when the worst nightmare of the Jews transpired in Western Europe under Nazism." (Hollis, Rosemary. The Israeli-Palestinian road block: can Europeans make a difference?PDF (57.9 KiB), International Affairs 80, 2 (2004), p. 198).
  104. ↑ "ushmm.org". Dicapai pada 2007-08-15.
  105. ↑ Manvell, Roger Goering New York:1972 Ballantine Books--War Leader Book #8 Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century
  106. 1 2 Ukrainian mass Jewish grave found
  107. 1 2 Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know," United States Holocaust Museum, 2006, p. 103.
  108. ↑ "Part 3: Partition, War and Independence". The Mideast: A Century of Conflict. National Public Radio. 2002-10-02. Dicapai pada 2007-07-13. Periksa date values in: |date= (bantuan)
  109. ↑ Bermani, Daphna (November 14, 2003). "Sephardi Jewry at odds over reparations from Arab world".
  110. ↑ "A Catholic Timeline of Events Relating to Jews, Anti-Judaism, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust, From the 3rd century to the Beginning of the Third Millennium"
  111. 1 2 Lewis (1984), pp. 10, 20
  112. ↑ Lewis (1987), p. 9, 27
  113. 1 2 Lewis (1999), p.131
  114. ↑ Lewis (1999), p.131; (1984), pp.8,62
  115. ↑ Lewis (1984), p. 52; Stillman (1979), p.77
  116. ↑ Lewis (1984), p. 28
  117. ↑ Lewis (1984), pp. 17-18, 94-95; Stillman (1979), p. 27
  118. ↑ Muslim Anti-Semitism by Bernard Lewis (Middle East Quarterly) June 1998
  119. ↑ Donald L Niewyk, The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, p.45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II." However, the Holocaust usually includes all of the different victims who were systematically murdered.
  120. ↑ "Throughout the 20th century, Jews, more so than any other minority, ethnic or cultural group, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize -- perhaps the most distinguished award for human endeavor in the six fields for which it is given. Remarkably, Jews constitute almost one-fifth of all Nobel laureates. This, in a world in which Jews number just a fraction of 1 percent of the population." Stephen Mark Dobbs. As the Nobel Prize marks centennial, Jews constitute 1/5 of laureates, j., October 12, 2001.