Rujukan Pandemik

Nota

  1. ↑ "Avian influenza frequently asked questions" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). World Health Organization. December 5, 2005. Diarkibkan daripada asal pada 2004-04-02. Dicapai 2009-02-13. A pandemic can start when three conditions have been met: a new influenza virus subtype emerges; it infects humans, causing serious illness; and it spreads easily and sustainably among humans. 
  2. ↑ "AWHO 'declares swine flu pandemic'". BBC News. June 11, 2009.
  3. ↑ The virus reached the U.S. by way of Haiti, genetic study shows.. Los Angeles Times. October 30, 2007.
  4. ↑ The South African Department of Health Study, 2006
  5. ↑ AIDS Toll May Reach 100 Million in Africa. Washington Post. June 4, 2006.
  6. ↑ Aids could kill 90 million Africans, says UN
  7. ↑ "Ancient Athenian Plague Proves to Be Typhoid". Scientific American. January 25, 2006.
  8. ↑ Past pandemics that ravaged Europe. BBC News, November 7. 2005
  9. ↑ Cambridge Catalogue page "Plague and the End of Antiquity"
  10. ↑ Quotes from book "Plague and the End of Antiquity" Lester K. Little, ed., Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541-750, Cambridge, 2006. ISBN 0-521-84639-0
  11. ↑ "Plague, Plague Information, Black Death Facts, News, Photos[[:Templat:–]] National Geographic". Science.nationalgeographic.com. Dicapai 2008-11-03.  Konflik URL–wikilink (bantuan)
  12. ↑ New MOL Archaeology monograph: Black Death cemetery. Archaeology at the Museum of London.
  13. ↑ Death on a Grand Scale. MedHunters.
  14. ↑ Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, in L'Histoire n° 310, June 2006, pp.45–46, say "between one-third and two-thirds"; Robert Gottfried (1983). "Black Death" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, volume 2, pp.257–67, says "between 25 and 45 percent".
  15. ↑ Plague - LoveToKnow 1911. 1911encyclopedia.org.
  16. ↑ "A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348-1665"
  17. ↑ Jo Revill. "Black Death blamed on man, not rats | UK news | The Observer". The Observer. Dicapai 2008-11-03. 
  18. ↑ "Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague". Dshs.state.tx.us. Dicapai 2008-11-03. 
  19. ↑ "BBC[[:Templat:–]] History[[:Templat:–]] Black Death". bbc.co.uk. Dicapai 2008-11-03.  Konflik URL–wikilink (bantuan)
  20. ↑ The Great Plague of London, 1665. The Harvard University Library, Open Collections Program: Contagion.
  21. ↑ Plague. World Health Organization.
  22. ↑ Bubonic plague hits San Francisco 1900 - 1909. A Science Odyssey. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).
  23. ↑ Human Plague -- United States, 1993-1994, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  24. ↑ Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge
  25. ↑ Smallpox The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge, David A. Koplow
  26. ↑ Greg Lange,"Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s", 23 Jan 2003, HistoryLink.org, Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, accessed 2 Jun 2008
  27. ↑ Houston CS, Houston S (2000). "The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words". Can J Infect Dis. 11 (2): 112–5. PMC 2094753 . PMID 18159275.  Parameter |month= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan)
  28. ↑ The Story Of... Smallpox – and other Deadly Eurasian Germs
  29. ↑ Stacy Goodling, "Effects of European Diseases on the Inhabitants of the New World"
  30. ↑ Smallpox Through History
  31. ↑ New Zealand Historical Perspective
  32. ↑ How did Easter Island's ancient statues lead to the destruction of an entire ecosystem?, The Independent
  33. ↑ Fiji School of Medicine
  34. ↑ Measles hits rare Andaman tribe. BBC News. May 16, 2006.
  35. ↑ Meeting the First Inhabitants, TIMEasia.com, 8/21/2000
  36. ↑ Genetic Study Bolsters Columbus Link to Syphilis, New York Times, January 15, 2008
  37. ↑ Columbus May Have Brought Syphilis to Europe, LiveScience
  38. ↑ "Sahib: The British Soldier in India, 1750-1914 by Richard Holmes"
  39. ↑ Dr. Francisco de Balmis and his Mission of Mercy, Society of Philippine Heath History
  40. ↑ Lewis Cass and the Politics of Disease: The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832
  41. ↑ Conquest and Disease or Colonialism and Health?, Gresham College | Lectures and Events
  42. ↑ WHO Media centre (2001). "Fact sheet N°259: African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness".
  43. ↑ The Origins of African Population Growth, by John Iliffe, The Journal of African HistoryVol. 30, No. 1 (1989), pp. 165-169
  44. ↑ World Population Clock - Worldometers
  45. ↑ Cholera- Biological Weapons
  46. ↑ The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State
  47. ↑ Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1826-37
  48. ↑ The Cholera Epidemic Years in the United States
  49. ↑ Cholera's seven pandemics, cbc.ca, December 2, 2008
  50. 1 2 The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State - Page 2. By G. William Beardslee
  51. ↑ Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846-63 . UCLA School of Public Health.
  52. ↑ Eastern European Plagues and Epidemics 1300-1918
  53. ↑ Cholera - LoveToKnow 1911
  54. ↑ "The cholera in Spain". New York Times. 1890-06-20. Dicapai 2008-12-08. 
  55. ↑ Barry, John M. (2004). The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History. Viking Penguin. ISBN 0-670-89473-7. 
  56. ↑ cholera :: Seven pandemics, Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  57. ↑ 1900s: The Epidemic Years, Society of Philippine Health History
  58. ↑ 50 Years of Influenza Surveillance. World Health Organization.
  59. ↑ "Pandemic Flu". Department of Health and Social Security.
  60. ↑ Beveridge, W.I.B. (1977) Influenza: The Last Great Plague: An Unfinished Story of Discovery, New York: Prodist. ISBN 0-88202-118-4.
  61. ↑ Potter, C.W. (2001). "A History of Influenza". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 91 (4): 572–579. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x.  Parameter |month= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  62. ↑ "Bird flu timeline: A history of influenza from 412 BC – AD 2006". NaturalNews.
  63. ↑ CIDRAP article Pandemic Influenza Last updated 29 May 2008
  64. 1 2 Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (2006). "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics". Emerg Infect Dis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 12 (1).  Parameter |month= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan)
  65. ↑ Spanish flu, ScienceDaily
  66. ↑ Pandemics and Pandemic Threats since 1900. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
  67. ↑ Q&A: Swine flu. BBC News. April 27, 2009.
  68. ↑ "World health group issues alert Mexican president tries to isolate those with swine flu". Associate Press. April 25, 2009. Dicapai 2009-04-26. 
  69. ↑ War and Pestilence. TIME. April 29, 1940
  70. ↑ See a large copy of the chart here: http://www.adept-plm.com/Newsletter/NapoleonsMarch.htm, but discussed at length in Edward Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information (London: Graphics Press, 1992)
  71. 1 2 Joseph M. Conlon. "The historical impact of epidemic typhus" (PDF). Dicapai 2009-04-21. 
  72. ↑ Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II By Jonathan Nor, TheHistoryNet
  73. ↑ Smallpox and Vaccinia. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  74. ↑ "UC Davis Magazine, Summer 2006: Epidemics on the Horizon". Dicapai 2008-01-03. 
  75. ↑ How Poxviruses Such As Smallpox Evade The Immune System, ScienceDaily, February 1, 2008
  76. ↑ "Smallpox". WHO Factsheet. Retrieved on 2007-09-22.
  77. ↑ De Cock KM (2001). "(Book Review) The Eradication of Smallpox: Edward Jenner and The First and Only Eradication of a Human Infectious Disease". Nature Medicine. 7: 15–6. doi:10.1038/83283. 
  78. ↑ Center for Disease Control & National Immunization Program. Measles History, article online 2001. Available from http://www.cdc.gov.nip/diseases/measles/history.htm
  79. 1 2 Torrey EF and Yolken RH. 2005. Their bugs are worse than their bite. Washington Post, April 3, p. B01.
  80. ↑ Stein CE, Birmingham M, Kurian M, Duclos P, Strebel P (2003). "The global burden of measles in the year 2000—a model that uses country-specific indicators". J. Infect. Dis. 187 (Suppl 1): S8–14. doi:10.1086/368114. PMID 12721886.  Parameter |month= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan)Selenggaraan CS1: Pelbagai nama: senarai pengarang (link)
  81. ↑ Man and Microbes: Disease and Plagues in History and Modern Times; by Arno Karlen
  82. ↑ "Measles and Small Pox as an Allied Army of the Conquistadors of America" by Carlos Ruvalcaba, translated by Theresa M. Betz in "Encounters" (Double Issue No. 5-6, pp. 44-45)
  83. ↑ World Health Organization (WHO). Tuberculosis Fact sheet N°104 - Global and regional incidence. March 2006, Retrieved on 6 October 2006.
  84. ↑ Centers for Disease Control. Fact Sheet: Tuberculosis in the United States. 17 March 2005, Retrieved on 6 October 2006.
  85. ↑ Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  86. ↑ Tuberculosis in Europe and North America, 1800–1922. The Harvard University Library, Open Collections Program: Contagion.
  87. ↑ Immune responses to tuberculosis in developing countries: implications for new vaccines. Nature Reviews Immunology 5, 661-667 (August 2005).
  88. ↑ Leprosy 'could pose new threat'. BBC News. April 3, 2007.
  89. ↑ Leprosy (Hansen's Disease).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
  90. ↑ "Leprosy". WHO. Dicapai 2007-08-22. 
  91. ↑ "Medieval leprosy reconsidered". International Social Science Review, Spring-Summer, 2006, by Timothy S. Miller, Rachel Smith-Savage.
  92. ↑ Boldsen JL (2005). "Leprosy and mortality in the Medieval Danish village of Tirup". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 126 (2): 159–68. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20085. PMID 15386293.  Parameter |month= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan)
  93. ↑  Leprosy. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 
  94. ↑ Malaria Facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  95. ↑ White NJ (2004). "Antimalarial drug resistance". J. Clin. Invest. 113 (8): 1084–92. doi:10.1172/JCI21682. PMC 385418 . PMID 15085184.  Parameter |month= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan)
  96. ↑ Vector- and Rodent-Borne Diseases in Europe and North America. Norman G. Gratz. World Health Organization, Geneva.
  97. ↑ DNA clues to malaria in ancient Rome. BBC News. February 20, 2001.
  98. ↑ "Malaria and Rome". Robert Sallares. ABC.net.au. January 29, 2003.
  99. ↑ "The Changing World of Pacific Northwest Indians". Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington.
  100. ↑ "A Brief History of Malaria"
  101. ↑ Malaria. By Michael Finkel. National Geographic Magazine.
  102. ↑ Yellow Fever - LoveToKnow 1911.
  103. ↑ Arnebeck, Bob (January 30, 2008). "A Short History of Yellow Fever in the US". Benjamin Rush, Yellow Fever and the Birth of Modern Medicine. Diarkibkan daripada asal pada October 29, 2002. Dicapai 04-12-2008.  Check date values in: |access-date= (bantuan)
  104. ↑ Tiger mosquitoes and the history of yellow fever and dengue in Spain.
  105. ↑ Africa's Nations Start to Be TheirBrothers' Keepers. The New York Times, October 15, 1995.

Bibliografi

Rujukan

WikiPedia: Pandemik http://www.adept-plm.com/Newsletter/NapoleonsMarch... http://www.asianreviewofbooks.com/arb/article.php?... http://birdflubook.com/a.php?id=40&t=p http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/c... http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_... http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_... http://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeck/history.html http://translate.google.com/translate?u=https://en... http://www.historynet.com/soviet-prisoners-of-war-... http://www.iberianature.com/material/tigermosquito...