Rujukan Perang_Candu

  1. ↑ (World Civilizations: The Global Experience FOURTH EDITION AP* EDITION)
  2. ↑ Hanes, William Travis; Frank Sanello (2002). Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another. pp. 3.
  3. ↑ The Opium War and the Opening of China
  4. ↑ Early American Trade
  5. ↑ Liu, Henry C. K. (September 4, 2008) .
  6. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh (1911). The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. pp. 130.