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Pertempuran_Khalkhin_Gol
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Kejadian itu bermula pada 11 Mei 1939. Satu unit berkuda Mongolia sekitar 70-90 lelaki telah memasuki kawasan yang menjadi pertikaian dalam mencari padang ragut untuk kuda mereka. Pada hari itu, pasukan berkuda Manchukuoan menyerang unit Mongolia dan memaksa mereka kembali di seberang sungai Khalkhin Gol itu. Pada 13 Mei, tentera Mongolia kembali dalam bilangan yang lebih besar dan Manchukoans tidak mampu mengusir mereka.
Pada 14 Mei, Leftenan Kolonel Yaozo Azuma membawa rejimen peninjau Bahagian Infantri ke-23, yang disokong oleh Infantri Rejimen ke-64 bahagian yang sama, di bawah Kolonel Takemitsu Yamagata, ke dalam wilayah yang dipertikaikan dan pihak Mongolia mengundurkan diri. Tentera Soviet dan Mongolia kembali ke wilayah yang dipertikaikan, bagaimanapun, dan pasukan Azuma lagi bergerak untuk mengusir mereka. Kali ini perkara ternyata berbeza, kerana pasukan Soviet-Mongolia mengepung pasukan Azuma pada 28 Mei dan memusnahkannya.[25] Pasukan Azuma mengalami lapan pegawai dan 97 lelaki terbunuh dan seorang pegawai dan 33 orang cedera, bagi jumlah korban 63%.
Komander tentera Soviet dan Perbatasan Timur Jauh adalah Komandarm Grigori Shtern sejak Mei 1938. [12]
Kedua-dua pihak mula membesarkan tentera mereka di kawasan ini: tidak lama lagi, Jepun mempunyai 30,000 orang di medan. Pihak Soviet menghantar komander kor yang baru, Comcor Georgy Zhukov, yang tiba pada 5 Jun dan membawa lebih banyak pasukan bermotor dan perisai (Kumpulan Tentera I) ke zon pertempuran. [26] Mengiringi Zhukov adalah Comcor Yakov Smushkevich dengan unit penerbangan beliau. J. Lkhagvasuren, Kor komisar Tentera Revolusi Rakyat Mongolia, telah dilantik sebagai timbalan Zhukov.
On 27 June, the Japanese Army Air Force's 2nd Air Brigade struck the Soviet air base at Tamsak-Bulak in Mongolia. The Japanese won this engagement, but the strike had been ordered by the Kwantung Army without getting permission from Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) headquarters in Tokyo. In an effort to prevent the incident from escalating,[27] Tokyo promptly ordered the JAAF not to conduct any more air strikes against Soviet airbases.[28]
Destroyed Soviet BA-10 armored carDestroyed Soviet aircraftThroughout June, there were reports of Soviet and Mongolian activity on both sides of the river near Nomonhan and small-scale attacks on isolated Manchukoan units. At the end of the month, the commander of the 23rd Japanese Infantry Division, Lt. Gen. Komatsubara, was given permission to "expel the invaders".
The Japanese plan was for a two-pronged assault. The first attack would be made by three regiments plus part of a fourth: 71st and the 72nd Infantry Regiment (23rd Division), a battalion of the 64th Infantry Regiment and the 26th Infantry Regiment under Colonel Shinichiro Sumi (7th Infantry Division). This force would advance across the Khalkin Gol, destroy Soviet forces on Baintsagan Hill on the west bank, then make a left turn and advance south to the Kawatama Bridge. The second prong of the attack would be the task of the IJA 1st Tank Corps (1st TC) (Yasuoka Detachment), consisting of the 3rd and 4th Tank Regiments, plus a part of the 64th Infantry Regiment, a battalion from the 28th Infantry Regiment, detached from the 7th Infantry, 24th Engineer Regiment, and a battalion from the 13th Field Artillery Regiment, all under the overall command of Lieutenant General Yasuoka Masaomi.[29] This force would attack Soviet troops on the east bank of the Khalkhyn Gol and north of the Holsten River. The two Japanese thrusts were to join together on the wings.
The northern task force succeeded in crossing the Khalkhyn Gol, driving the Soviets from Baintsagan Hill, and advancing south along the west bank. However, Zhukov, perceiving the threat, launched a counterattack with 450 tanks and armored cars. The tanks consisted of primarily BTs with a handful of T-26s, while the armored cars were BA-10s and BA-3/6s, which were similar in armor (6-15mm) and armament (main: 45mm gun 20K mod, secondary: x2 7.62 machine guns) to the Soviet light tanks. The Soviet armored force, despite being unsupported by infantry, attacked the Japanese on three sides and nearly encircled them. The Japanese force, further handicapped by having only one pontoon bridge across the river for supplies, was forced to withdraw, recrossing the river on 5 July. Meanwhile, the 1st Tank Corps of the Yasuoka Detachment (the southern task force) attacked on the night of 2 July, moving in the darkness to avoid the Soviet artillery on the high ground of the river's west bank. A pitched battle ensued in which the Yasuoka Detachment lost over half its armor, but still could not break through the Soviet forces on the east bank and reach the Kawatama Bridge.[32][33] After a Soviet counterattack on 9 July threw the battered, depleted Yasuoka Detachment back, it was dissolved and Yasuoka was relieved.[34] Overall, the Japanese lost 42 tanks in these encounters, primarily to 45mm gunfire, which outranged the Japanese weapons.[35] In return, on July 3 alone the Soviet-Mongolian side lost a total of 77 tanks and 45 armored cars out of a total of 133 and 59 committed to the fight, respectively.[36]
The commander of the 149th Rifle Regiment before offensiveJapanese pilots pictured on a Toyota KC starter truckThe two armies continued to spar with each other over the next two weeks along a 4-kilometer (2.5 mi) front running along the east bank of the Khalkhyn Gol to its junction with the Holsten River.[37] Zhukov, whose army was 748 km (465 mi) away from its base of supply, assembled a fleet of 2,600 trucks to supply his troops, while the Japanese suffered severe supply problems due to a lack of similar motor transport.[28] On 23 July, the Japanese launched another large-scale assault, sending the 64th and 72nd Infantry Regiments against Soviet forces defending the Kawatama Bridge. Japanese artillery supported the attack with a massive barrage that consumed more than half of their ammunition stores over a period of two days.[38] The attack made some progress but failed to break through Soviet lines and reach the bridge. The Japanese disengaged from the attack on 25 July due to mounting casualties and depleted artillery stores. By this point they had suffered over 5,000 casualties between late May and July 25, with Soviet losses being much higher but more easily replaced.[28][39] The battle drifted into a stalemate.
With war apparently imminent in Europe, Zhukov planned a major offensive on 20 August to clear the Japanese from the Khalkhin Gol region and end the fighting.[40] Zhukov, using a fleet of at least 4,000 trucks (IJA officers with hindsight dispute this, saying he instead used 10,000 to 20,000 motor vehicles) transporting supplies from the nearest base in Chita (600 kilometres away)[8] assembled a powerful armored force of three tank brigades (the 4th, 6th and 11th), and two mechanized brigades (the 7th and 8th, which were armored car units with attached infantry support). This force was allocated to the Soviet left and right wings. The entire Soviet force consisted of three rifle divisions, two tank divisions and two more tank brigades (in all, some 498 BT-5 and BT-7 tanks[41]), two motorized infantry divisions, and over 550 fighters and bombers.[42] The Mongolians committed two cavalry divisions.[43][44][45]
In comparison, at the point of contact the Kwantung Army had only General Komatsubara's 23rd Infantry Division, which with various attached forces was equivalent to two light infantry divisions. Its headquarters had been at Hailar, over 150 km (93 mi) from the fighting. Japanese intelligence, despite demonstrating an ability to accurately track the build-up of Zhukov's force, failed to precipitate an appropriate response from below.[46] Thus, when the Soviets finally did launch their offensive, Komatsubara was caught off guard.[46][47] To test the Japanese defences prior to their main assault on the 20th, the Soviets launched three aggressive probing assaults, one on the 3rd and the others on the 7/8th. All three were disastrously thrown back, with around 1,000 combined dead and several tanks knocked out on the Soviet side compared to just 85 Japanese casualties.[48] Moreover, the Japanese counter-attacked and routed elements of the Mongolian 8th Cavalry Division, seizing a hilly sector of the battlefront.[49] Despite the fact that no more major fighting would take place until the 20th, Japanese casualties continued to mount at a rate of 40 wounded per day.[50] Kwantung Army staff officers were becoming increasingly worried over the disorganized state of the 6th Army's headquarters and supply elements. In addition, the growing casualty count meant that the already green 23rd Division would have to take train and assimilate new replacements 'on the job.'[51] By contrast, Tokyo's oft-stated desire that it would not escalate the fighting at Khalkhin-Gol proved immensely relieving to the Soviets, who were free to hand-pick select units from across their entire military to be concentrated for a local offensive without fear of Japanese retaliation elsewhere.[52]
Soviet tanks cross Khalkhyn Gol riverZhukov decided it was time to break the stalemate.[42] At 05:45 on 20 August 1939, Soviet artillery and 557 aircraft[42] attacked Japanese positions, the first fighter–bomber offensive in Soviet Air Force history.[53] Approximately 50,000 Soviet and Mongolian soldiers of the 57th Special Corps defended the east bank of the Khalkhyn Gol. Three infantry divisions and a tank brigade crossed the river, supported by massed artillery and the Soviet Air Force. Once the Japanese were pinned down by the attack of Soviet center units, Soviet armored units swept around the flanks and attacked the Japanese in the rear, achieving a classic double envelopment. When the Soviet wings linked up at Nomonhan village on 25 August, the Japanese 23rd Infantry Division was trapped.[28][54][55] On 26 August, a Japanese counterattack to relieve the 23rd Division failed. On 27 August, the 23rd Division attempted to break out of the encirclement, but also failed. When the surrounded forces refused to surrender, they were again hit with artillery and air attacks. By 31 August, Japanese forces on the Mongolian side of the border were destroyed, leaving remnants of the 23rd Division on the Manchurian side. The Soviets had achieved their objective.[56]
Captured Japanese soldiersKomatsubara refused to accept the outcome and prepared a counteroffensive. This was canceled when a cease-fire was signed in Moscow.[meragukan – bincang] While Zhukov defeated the Japanese forces on Soviet territory, Joseph Stalin had made a deal with Nazi Germany.[42] After the Soviet success at Nomonhan, Stalin decided to proceed with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which was announced on 24 August.
With no further threat of a second front from Japan, Stalin was free to concentrate on war in Europe[57] and the Soviet Union and Japan agreed to a cease-fire on 15 September, which took effect the following day 1:10 pm.[28][58][59] Free from a threat in the Far East, Stalin proceeded with the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September.[60]
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