↑ The Mishnah (Sanhedrin 1:1) menyebut 23 orang berpandukan kepada sumber eksegetikal: It must be possible for a "community" to vote for both conviction and exoneration (Templat:Bibleverse-lb). The minimum size of a "community" is 10 (Templat:Bibleverse-lb; i.e. the 10 spies). One more is required to achieve a majority (11–10), but a simple majority cannot convict (Templat:Bibleverse-lb), and so an additional judge is required (12–10). Finally, a court should not have an even number of judges to prevent deadlocks; thus 23.
