Rujukan Empayar_Akkadia

  1. ↑ borrowed from Sumerian URU (uru(2)(ki), iri, rí; iri11: city, town, village, district [URU archaic frequency: 101; concatenation of 5 sign variants; UNUG archaic frequency: 206; concatenates 3 sign variants].) meaning city and Ki meaning place is a Sumerian - Akkadian determinative Idiom uru-bar-ra: outside the city, outskirts of the city, the countryside ('city' + 'outside' + nominative).uru-kúr(-ra):(in) a foreign city ('city' + 'strange' + locative).uru-šà-ga: the interior city (contrasts to uru-bar-ra)('city' + 'inside' + nominative).zag-uru: outskirts of the city ('edge, limit' + 'city').(see Hallorans Sumerian Lexicon)
  2. ↑ Peter Roger, Stuart Moorey, Ancient Iraq: (Assyria and Babylonia), Ashmolean Museum (1976).
  3. ↑ Mish, Frederick C., Editor in Chief. “Akkad” Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. ninth ed. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Inc., 1985. ISBN 0-87779-508-8, ISBN 0-87779-509-6 (indexed), and ISBN 0-87779-510-X (deluxe).
  4. ↑ Liverani, Mario, Akkad: The First World Empire (1993)
  5. 1 2 3 Deutscher, Guy (2007). Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation. Oxford University Press US. m/s. 20–21. ISBN 9780199532223. 
  6. ↑ Woods C. 2006 “Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian”. In S.L. Sanders (ed) Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91-120 Chicago
  • Geirges Roux, (1996), Ancient Iraq (3rd Edition)(Penguin, Harmondsworth)