Nota Jam_air

  1. ↑ Turner 1984, halaman 1
  2. ↑ Cowan 1958, halaman 58
  3. 1 2 Conference of Qanat in Iran - water clock in Persia 1383, in Persian
  4. 1 2 Jam air di Parsi تارنمای امرداد - سايه‌ي شهرداري نجف‌آباد بر كهن‌ترين «ساعت آبي»‌ شهر Amordad
  5. ↑ Cotterell, Brian; Kamminga, Johan (1990). Mechanics of pre-industrial technology: An introduction to the mechanics of ancient and traditional material culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521428718. OCLC 18520966. , m/s. 59–61
  6. ↑ Cotterell & Kamminga 1990, halaman 59–61
  7. ↑ Berlev, Oleg (1997). "Bureaucrats". dalam Donadoni, Sergio. The Egyptians. Trans. Bianchi, Robert et al. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. m/s. 118. ISBN 0226155552. 
  8. ↑ Cotterell & Kamminga 1990
  9. ↑ Pingree, David (1998). "Legacies in Astronomy and Celestial Omens". dalam Stephanie Dalley. The Legacy of Mesopotamia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. m/s. 125–126. ISBN 0198149468. 
  10. ↑ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. m/s. 15. ISBN 0195095391. 
  11. 1 2 Neugebauer 1947, halaman 39–40
  12. ↑ Rao, N. Kameswara (2005). "Aspects of prehistoric astronomy in India". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 33 (4): 499–511. Dicapai 2007-05-11. It appears that two artifacts from Mohenjadaro and Harappa might correspond to these two instruments. Joshi and Parpola (1987) lists a few pots tapered at the bottom and having a hole on the side from the excavations at Mohenjadaro (Figure 3). A pot with a small hole to drain the water is very similar to clepsydras described by Ohashi to measure the time (similar to the utensil used over the lingum in Shiva temple for abhishekam). 
  13. ↑ "Sebuah bekas tembaga (berbentuk separuh bawah balang air) yang berlubang kecil di corotnya dan diletakkan di atas air jernih dalam besen tenggelam genap 60 kali dalam sehari siang malam." - chapter xiii, 23 of the Suryasiddhanta.
  14. ↑ Scharfe, Hartmut (2002). Education in Ancient India. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. m/s. 171. ISBN 9004125566. 
  15. ↑ "Sebuah bekas tembaga yang 10 pala beratnya, 6 angula tingginya dan dua kali lebar pada mulutnya--bekas yang bermuatan 60 pala air dan berbentuk hemisfera bergelar 'ghati'." Bekas tembaga yang digerek dengan jarum dan diperbuat daripada 3 1/8 masa emas dan 4 angula panjangnya, diisi dengan satu nadika."
  16. 1 2 Needham 2000, halaman 479
  17. ↑ Needham 1995, halaman 321–322
  18. ↑ Needham 2000, halaman 469–471
  19. ↑ Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. M/s. 510–511.
  20. ↑ Needham 2000, pps. 30, 532
  21. ↑ Needham 2000, halaman 479
  22. ↑ Needham 2000, pps. 471, 490, 532
  23. ↑ Needham 2000, halaman 462
  24. ↑ Gambar jam air di Menara Gendang Beijing Wikimedia Commons
  25. ↑ Seni ukir ini dipetik daripada "Rees's Clocks, Watches, and Chronometers" (1819-20). Reka bentuk ilustrasi ini diubah suai dari ilustrasi Claude Perrault dalam Les Dix Livres d'Architecture (1684) yang diterjemah dari karya Vitruvius pada abad pertama SM, di mana beliau memerikan klepsidra Ctesibius dengan begitu panjang lebar.
  26. ↑ Goodenow, J., Orr, R., & Ross, D. "Mathematical Models of Water Clocks." Rochester Institute of Technology
  27. 1 2 John G. Landels: “Water-Clocks and Time Measurement in Classical Antiquity”, "Endeavour", Jil. 3, No. 1 (1979), m/s. 32-37 (35)
  28. ↑ Hill 1981, halaman 6
  29. 1 2 John G. Landels: “Water-Clocks and Time Measurement in Classical Antiquity”, "Endeavour", Jil. 3, No. 1 (1979), m/s. 32-37 (33)
  30. ↑ Lewis 2000, halaman 356f.
  31. ↑ ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari (1974). The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices. Diterjemahkan dan diberi penjelasan oleh Donald Routledge Hill. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. 
  32. ↑ al-Hassan & Hill 1986, halaman 57–59
  33. 1 2 Ancient Discoveries, Episode 11: Ancient Robots, History Channel  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  34. ↑ Howard R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction, m/s. 184. University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-78149-0.
  35. ↑ Routledge Hill, Donald, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific American, Mei 1991, m/s. 64–69. (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, Mechanical Engineering)
  36. ↑ Salim Al-Hassani (13 Mac 2008). "How it Works: Mechanism of the Castle Clock". FSTC. Dicapai 2008-09-06. 
  37. ↑ Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering, History of Science and Technology in Islam
  38. ↑ Hassan, Ahmad Y, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering, History of Science and Technology in Islam

Rujukan

WikiPedia: Jam_air http://www.uni-graz.at/exp2www/Physikgeschichte/Wa... http://www.aftabir.com/articles/view/science_educa... http://amordadnews.com/neveshtehNamyesh.aspx?NId=6... http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles... http://www.marcdatabase.com/~lemur/dm-gitton.html#... http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?Artic... http://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/show_issue.php?j... http://akira.ruc.dk/~jensh/Publications/1998%7Bf%7... http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/Time/time.html http://physics.nist.gov/time