Rujukan Kitab_Optik

  1. ↑ (Child, Shuter & Taylor 1992, p. 70)
    (Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973, p. 164)
    (Samuelson Crookes, p. 497)
    Understanding History by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor – Page ۷۰
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    The Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology by James Samuelson, William Crookes – Page ۴۹۷
  3. 1 2 R. L. Verma (1969). Al-Hazen: father of modern optics
  4. 1 2 Rüdiger Thiele (2005). "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 15, p. 329–331. Cambridge University Press.
  5. 1 2 H. Salih, M. Al-Amri, M. El Gomati (2005). "The Miracle of Light", A World of Science 3 (3). UNESCO.
  6. 1 2 Sabra, A. I.; Hogendijk, J. P. (2003), The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives, MIT Press, m/s. 85–118, ISBN 0-262-19482-1 
  7. 1 2 Hatfield, Gary (1996), "Was the Scientific Revolution Really a Revolution in Science?", dalam Ragep, F. J.; Ragep, Sally P.; Livesey, Steven John, Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on Pre-modern Science held at the University of Oklahoma, Brill Publishers, m/s. 500, ISBN 90-04-09126-2 
  8. ↑ Simon, Gérard (2006), "The Gaze in Ibn al-Haytham", The Medieval History Journal, 9 (1): 89–98, doi:10.1177/097194580500900105 
  9. ↑ Bellosta, Hélèna (2002), "Burning Instruments: From Diocles to Ibn Sahl", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 12: 285–303, doi:10.1017/S095742390200214X 
  10. ↑ Rashed, Roshdi (2 August 2002), "Portraits of Science: A Polymath in the 10th Century", Science, 297 (5582): 773, doi:10.1126/science.1074591, PMID 12161634 
  11. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (1967), "Alhazen's Theory of Vision and Its Reception in the West", Isis, 58 (3): 321–341 [332], doi:10.1086/350266, PMID 4867472 
  12. ↑ Bala, Arun, The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science, Palgrave Macmillan 
  13. ↑ Dijksterhuis, Fokko Jan (2004), Lenses and Waves: Christiaan Huygens and the Mathematical Science of Optics in the Seventeenth Century, Springer, m/s. 113–5, ISBN 1-4020-2697-8 :
    Through the influential work of Alhacen the onset of a physico-mathematical conception of optics was established at a much earlier time than would be the case in the other mathematical sciences.
  14. 1 2 Khaleefa, Omar (1999). "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?". American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 16: 2. 
  15. 1 2 3 Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001). "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective". Perception. 30 (10): 1157–1177. doi:10.1068/p3210. PMID 11721819. 
  16. ↑ Bashar Saad, Hassan Azaizeh, Omar Said (October 2005). "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review", Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2 (4), p. 475-479 [476]. Oxford University Press.
  17. ↑ Turner, Howard, Science in Medieval Islam, University of Texas Press, m/s. 196-197, ISBN 0292781490 
  18. ↑ D. C. Lindberg, Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler, (Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Pr., 1976), pp. 60-7.
  19. ↑ Toomer, G. J. (December 1964), "Review: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm", Isis, 55 (4): 463–465, doi:10.1086/349914 
  20. 1 2 Dr. Mahmoud Al Deek. "Ibn Al-Haitham: Master of Optics, Mathematics, Physics and Medicine, Al Shindagah, November–December 2004.
  21. ↑ Albrecht Heeffer. Kepler’s near discovery of the sine law: A qualitative computational model, Ghent University, Belgium.
  22. ↑ A. I. Sabra (1981), Theories of Light from Descartes to Newton, Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–7. (cf. Pavlos Mihas, Use of History in Developing ideas of refraction, lenses and rainbow, p. 5, Demokritus University, Thrace, Greece.)
  23. ↑ K. B. Wolf, "Geometry and dynamics in refracting systems", European Journal of Physics 16, p. 14–20, 1995.
  24. ↑ R. Rashed, "A pioneer in anaclastics: Ibn Sahl on burning mirrors and lenses", Isis 81, p. 464–491, 1990.
  25. ↑ However, Alhazen mentions this in his essay "On the form of the Eclipse" (Maqalah-fi-Surat-al-Kosuf) not the Book of Optics.
  26. 1 2 Templat:MacTutor
  27. ↑ MacKay, R. J.; Oldford, R. W. (August 2000), "Scientific Method, Statistical Method and the Speed of Light", Statistical Science, 15 (3): 254–78 
  28. 1 2
  29. ↑ Rashed, Roshdi (2007), "The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 17: 7–55 [19], doi:10.1017/S0957423907000355 :
    In reforming optics he as it were adopted "positivism" (before the term was invented): we do not go beyond experience, and we cannot be content to use pure concepts in investigating natural phenomena. Understanding of these cannot be acquired without mathematics. Thus, once he has assumed light is a material substance, Ibn al-Haytham does not discuss its nature further, but confines himself to considering its propagation and diffusion. In his optics "the smallest parts of light", as he calls them, retain only properties that can be treated by geometry and verified by experiment; they lack all sensible qualities except energy.
  30. ↑ J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson (2002). Light through the ages: Ancient Greece to Maxwell, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
  31. ↑ Hamid-Eddine Bouali, Mourad Zghal, Zohra Ben Lakhdar (2005). "Popularisation of Optical Phenomena: Establishing the First Ibn Al-Haytham Workshop on Photography" (PDF). The Education and Training in Optics and Photonics Conference. Dicapai 2008-07-08. Selenggaraan CS1: Pelbagai nama: senarai pengarang (link)
  32. 1 2
  33. ↑ King, Henry C. (2003), The History of the Telescope, Courier Dover Publications, m/s. 25, ISBN 0-486-43265-3 
  34. ↑ Rashed, Roshdi; Armstrong, Angela (1994), The Development of Arabic Mathematics, Springer, m/s. 345–6, ISBN 0-7923-2565-6 
  35. ↑ Huff, Toby (2007), The Rise of Early Modern Science, Cambridge University Press, m/s. 91, ISBN 0-521-52994-8 
  36. ↑ {Harv|Rashed|2002|p=773}}:
    Usaha beliau dalam bidang optik, yang memuatkan teori berkaitan penglihatan dan teori cahaya, dianggap oleh ramai orang sebagai sumbangan beliau terpenting, meletakkan asas bagi perkembangan-perkembangan jauh sehingga abah ke-17. Sumbangan beliau kepada geometri dan teori nombor melewati tradisi Archimedes. Dan, dengan menampilkan penggunaan eksperimen dalam penyelidikan saintifik, Al-Haitham telah memainkan peranan penting terhadap pembetukan sains moden.
  37. ↑ Ibn Al-Haitham Critique of Ptolemy, translated by S. Pines, Actes X Congrès internationale d'histoire des sciences, Vol I Ithaca 1962, as referenced on p.139 of Shmuel Sambursky (ed. 1974) Physical Thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists ISBN 0-87663-712-8
  38. ↑ Nader El-Bizri, "A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen’s Optics," Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Vol. 15, Issue 2 (2005), pp. 189-218 (Cambridge University Press)
  39. ↑ Nader El-Bizri, "Ibn al-Haytham," in Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia, eds. Thomas F. Glick, Steven J. Livesey, and Faith Wallis (New York — London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 237-240.
  40. ↑ Alhazen, translated into English from German by M. Schwarz, from "Abhandlung über das Licht", J. Baarmann (ed. 1882) Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft Vol 36 as referenced on p.136 by Shmuel Sambursky (1974) Physical thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists ISBN 0-87663-712-8
  41. ↑ p.136, as quoted by Shmuel Sambursky (1974) Physical thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists ISBN 0-87663-712-8
  42. ↑ Plott, C. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Period of Scholasticism, Motilal Banarsidass, m/s. 462, ISBN 81-208-0551-8 
  43. ↑ A. C. Crombie, Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science, 1100–1700, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), p. 147, n. 2.
  44. 1 2 A. Mark Smith (2001), "The Latin Source of the Fourteenth-Century Italian Translation of Alhacen's De aspectibus (Vat. Lat. 4595)", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy: A Historical Journal, Cambridge University Press, 11: 27–43 [28] 
  45. ↑ Smith, A Mark (2001), Alhacen's theory of visual perception: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of the first three books of Alhacen's De aspectibus, the medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitab al-Manazir. Vol 1, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, m/s. xxi, ISBN 978-0-87169-914-5 .
  46. ↑ Marshall, Peter (September 1981), "Nicole Oresme on the Nature, Reflection, and Speed of Light", Isis, 72 (3): 357–374 [367–74], doi:10.1086/352787 
  47. 1 2 3 Richard Powers (University of Illinois), Best Idea; Eyes Wide Open, New York Times, April 18, 1999.
  48. ↑ Falco, Charles M. (12–15 February 2007), Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Modern Image Analysis, International Conference on Information Sciences, Signal Processing and its Applications 
  49. ↑ R. S. Elliott (1966). Electromagnetics, Chapter 1. McGraw-Hill.
  50. ↑ Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq (1997), Quotations from Famous Historians of Science
  51. ↑ Thiele, Rüdiger (August 2005), "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm, 1928–2005", Historia Mathematica, 32 (3): 271–274, doi:10.1016/j.hm.2005.05.002