↑ Byeon (1999), m.s. 27. Byeon menjelaskan bahawa lapisan-lapisan bawah di Seokjangni dan tapak-tapak yang lain telah ditarikhkan sebagai 600,000-500,000 SM, dan penemuan lapisan-lapisan yang lebih lama di sebuah tapak di Kaunti Damyang telah melahirkan hipotesis bahawa penghunian hominid di Korea bermula pada sekitar 700,000 SM.
↑ Kim Jongseo, Jeong Inji, et al. "Goryeosa (The History of Goryeo)", 1451, Article for July 934, 17th year in the Reign of Taejo
↑ Lee, Ki-Baik (1984). A New History of Korea. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. m/s. 103. ISBN978-0674615762. When Parhae perished at the hands of the Khitan around this same time, much of its ruling class, who were of Koguryŏ descent, fled to Koryŏ. Wang Kŏn warmly welcomed them and generously gave them land. Along with bestowing the name Wang Kye ("Successor of the Royal Wang") on the Parhae crown prince, Tae Kwang-hyŏn, Wang Kŏn entered his name in the royal household register, thus clearly conveying the idea that they belonged to the same lineage, and also had rituals performed in honor of his progenitor. Thus Koryŏ achieved a true national unification that embraced not only the Later Three Kingdoms but even survivors of Koguryŏ lineage from the Parhae kingdom.
"An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun, the mythical founder of the first Korean state... Most textbooks and professional historians, however, treat him as a myth."
"The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China."
"If a choice is to be made between them, one is faced with the fact that the Tangun, with his supernatural origin, is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija."
"매국사학의 몸통들아, 공개토론장으로 나와라!". ngonews. 2015-12-24. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Selenggaraan CS1: BOT: Status original-url tidak diketahui (link)
↑ Yi, Hyŏn-hŭi; Pak, Sŏng-su; Yun, Nae-hyŏn. New history of Korea (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Jimoondang. m/s. 201. ISBN9788988095850. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2016-12-04. He launched a military expedition to expand his territory, opening the golden age of Goguryeo.
↑ Yi, Ki-baek. A New History of Korea (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Harvard University Press. m/s. 47. ISBN9780674615762. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada December 4, 2016. Dicapai July 29, 2016. Koguryŏ was the first to open hostilities, with a bold assault across the Liao River against Liao-hsi, in 598. The Sui emperor, Wen Ti, launched a retaliatory attack on Koguryŏ but met with reverses and turned back in mid-course. Yang Ti, the next Sui emperor, proceeded in 612 to mount an invasion of unprecedented magnitude, marshalling a huge force said to number over a million men. And when his armies failed to take Liao-tung Fortress (modern Liao-yang), the anchor of Koguryŏ's first line of defense, he had a nearly a third of his forces, some 300,000 strong, break off the battle there and strike directly at the Koguryŏ capital of P'yŏngyang. But the Sui army was lured into a trap by the famed Koguryŏ commander Ŭlchi Mundŏk, and suffered a calamitous defeat at the Salsu (Ch'ŏngch'ŏn) River. It is said that only 2,700 of the 300,000 Sui soldiers who had crossed the Yalu survived to find their way back, and the Sui emperor now lifted the siege of Liao-tung Fortress and withdrew his forces to China proper. Yang Ti continued to send his armies against Koguryŏ but again without success, and before long his war-weakened empire crumbled.
↑ Nahm, Andrew C. (2005). A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History (edisi Second revised). Seoul: Hollym International Corporation. m/s. 18. ISBN978-0930878689. China, which had been split into many states since the early 3rd century, was reunified by the Sui dynasty at the end of the 6th century. Soon after that, Sui China mobilized a large number of troops and launched a sagiwar against Koguryŏ. However, the people of Koguryŏ were united and they were able to repel the Chinese aggressors. In 612, Sui troops invaded Korea again, but Koguryŏ forces fought bravely and destroyed Sui troops everywhere. General Ŭlchi Mundŏk of Koguryŏ completely wiped out some 300,000 Sui troops which came across the Yalu River in the battles near the Salsu River (now Ch'ŏngch'ŏn River) with his ingenious military tactics. Only 2,700 Sui troops were able to flee from Korea. The Sui dynasty, which wasted so much energy and manpower in aggressive wars against Koguryŏ, fell in 618.
↑ Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014-12-15). Korean History in Maps (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Cambridge University Press. m/s. 29. ISBN9781107098466. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 January 2017. Dicapai 17 July 2016.
↑ Yi, Ki-baek. A New History of Korea (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Harvard University Press. m/s. 67. ISBN9780674615762. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 January 2017. Dicapai 5 August 2016. Loath to let slip such an opportunity, T'ang mounted a fresh invasion under Li Chi in 667 and Silla launched a coordinated offensive. This time the T'ang army received every possible assistance from the defector Namsaeng, and although Koguryŏ continued to hold out for another year, the end finally came in 668.
↑ Jonathan W. Best, A History of the Early Korean Kingdom of Paekche, together with an annotated translation of "The Paekche Annals" of the "Samguk sagi" (Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2007).
↑ Pottery - MSN Encarta. Diarkibkan daripada asal pada 2009-10-31. "The pottery of the Yayoi culture (300? BC-AD 250?), made by a Mongol people who came from Korea to Kyūshū, has been found throughout Japan. "
↑ Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather. Ennins Travels in Tang China (dalam bahasa Inggeris). John Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited. m/s. 276–283. ISBN9780471070535. Dicapai 21 July 2016. From what Ennin tells us, it seems that commerce between East China, Korea and Japan was, for the most part, in the hands of men from Silla. Here in the relatively dangerous waters on the eastern fringes of the world, they performed the same functions as did the traders of the placid Mediterranean on the western fringes. This is a historical fact of considerable significance but one which has received virtually no attention in the standard historical compilations of that period or in the modern books based on these sources. . . . While there were limits to the influence of the Koreans along the eastern coast of China, there can be no doubt of their dominance over the waters off these shores. . . . The days of Korean maritime dominance in the Far East actually were numbered, but in Ennin's time the men of Silla were still the masters of the seas in their part of the world.
↑ Chŏng, Yang-mo; Smith, Judith G.; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.). Arts of Korea (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Metropolitan Museum of Art. m/s. 230. ISBN9780870998508. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 December 2016. Dicapai 30 September 2016.
↑ International, Rotary. The Rotarian (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Rotary International. m/s. 28. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 3 December 2016. Dicapai 30 September 2016.
↑ Ross, Alan. After Pusan (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Faber & Faber. ISBN9780571299355. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 December 2016. Dicapai 30 September 2016.
↑ Mason, David A. "Gyeongju, Korea's treasure house". Korea.net. Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS). Diarkibkan daripada asal pada 3 October 2016. Dicapai 30 September 2016.
↑ Adams, Edward Ben. Koreaʾs pottery heritage (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Seoul International Pub. House. m/s. 53. Dicapai 30 September 2016.
↑ Leffman, David; Lewis, Simon; Atiyah, Jeremy. China (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Rough Guides. m/s. 519. ISBN9781843530190. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 December 2016. Dicapai 29 July 2016.
↑ Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014-12-15). Korean History in Maps (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Cambridge University Press. m/s. 64–65. ISBN9781107098466. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 25 February 2017. Dicapai 24 February 2017.
↑ Literally "old Joseon", the term was first coined in the 13th century AD to differentiate the ancient kingdom from Wiman Joseon and is now used to differentiate it from the Joseon dynasty.
↑ "알고 싶은 한글". 국립국어원. National Institute of Korean Language. Dicapai 4 December 2017.
↑ Haralambous, Yannis; Horne, P. Scott. Fonts & Encodings (dalam bahasa Inggeris). "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". m/s. 155. ISBN9780596102425. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 January 2017. Dicapai 8 October 2016.
↑ Danielle Kane, and Jung Mee Park, "The Puzzle of Korean Christianity: Geopolitical Networks and Religious Conversion in Early Twentieth-Century East Asia", American Journal of Sociology (2009) 115#2 pp 365–404
↑ Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of the Expansion of Christianity: Volume VII: Advance through Storm: A.D. 1914 and after, with concluding generalizations (1945) 7:401–407
