• Encyclopaedia of Islam. Ed. P. Bearman et al., Leiden: Brill, 1960–2005.
• Guillaume, A. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah. Oxford University Press, 1955. ISBN 0-19-636033-1
• Donner, Fred M.. "Muhammad's Political Consolidation in Arabia up to the Conquest of Mecca". Muslim World 69: 229–47, 1979.
• Firestone, Reuven. Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam. Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-512580-0
• Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak. The Exiled and the Redeemed. Jewish Publication Society, 1957
• Peters, Francis E. Muhammad and the Origins of Islam. State University of New York Press, 1994. ISBN 0-7914-1875-8
• Stillman, Norman. The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1979. ISBN 0-8276-0198-0
• Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman, Oxford University Press.
• Mubarakpuri, Safi ur-Rahman (1996). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum. Riyadh: Maktaba Dar-us-Salam.
• Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577307-1.Selenggaraan CS1: menggunakan parameter authors (link)

Bashier, Zakaria (2006). War and Peace in the Life of Muhammad (SAW). Leicestershire: The Islamic Foundation. Teks "ISBN 086037520X" diendahkan (bantuan)

• M. A. Cook (1983). Muhammad. Oxford University Press.Selenggaraan CS1: menggunakan parameter authors (link)
• Maxime Rodinson (2002) [1960]. Muhammad. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 1-56584-752-0.Selenggaraan CS1: menggunakan parameter authors (link)
• Mubarakpuri, Safi ur-Rahman (1996). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum. Riyadh: Maktaba Dar-us-Salam.

Koordinat: 24°28′0″N 39°36′0″E / 24.46667°N 39.60000°E / 24.46667; 39.60000