Nota Sumbangan_Islam_kepada_Eropah_Zaman_Pertengahan

  1. 1 2 3 Lebedel, p.109
  2. ↑ Lewis, p.148
  3. ↑ Lebedel, p.109–111
  4. ↑ Shaikh M. Ghazanfar. Medieval Islamic economic thought: filling the "great gap" in European economics. Psychology Press. m/s. 126. 
  5. ↑ Fielding H. Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine: with Medical Chronology, Suggestions for Study and Biblographic Data, p. 86
  6. ↑ Lebedel, p.111
  7. ↑ Lebedel, p.112
  8. ↑ Toledo in the Twelfth Century, "Science in Context, 14 (2001): at 249-288, at pp. 275-281.
  9. ↑ C. Burnett, "Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo", p. 255.
  10. ↑ C. H. Haskins, Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science, pp.3-4
  11. ↑ R. W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages, p.65
  12. ↑ For a list of Gerard of Cremona's translations see: Edward Grant (1974) "A Source Book in Medieval Science", (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Pr.), pp. 35–38 or Charles Burnett, "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in the chemical and medical works of Rhazes,
  13. ↑ D. Campbell, Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages, p. 6.
  14. ↑ Debus, Allen G. (2002). The Chemical Philosophy: Paraclesian Science and Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Dover Publ. m/s. 11. ISBN 0486421759. 
  15. ↑ Eric John Holmyard, Alchemy, p.106
  16. ↑ Eric John Holmyard, Alchemy, p.109
  17. ↑ Alkali at dictionary reference
  18. ↑ G. G. Joseph, The Crest of the Peacock, p. 306
  19. ↑ "Inventions et decouvertes au Moyen-Age", Samuel Sadaune, p.44
  20. ↑ National Library of Medicine digital archives
  21. ↑ David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).
  22. 1 2 D. Campbell, Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages, p. 3.
  23. 1 2 Albucasis Science museum on Albucasis
  24. ↑ Gorini, Rosanna (2003), "Al-Haytham the Man of Experience: First Steps in the Science of Vision", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology, Rome, Italy :
    "Mengikut sebilanganbesar para sejarawan, al-Haitham ialah pelopor kaedah saintifik moden. Melalui bukunya al-Haitham menukar maksud "optik" dan mengasaskan uji kaji sebagai pembuktian lazim dalam bidang tersebut. Penyelidikannya tidak berlandaskan teroti-teori mujarad, akan tetapi berlandaskan pembuktian eksperimen dan eksperimen-eksperimennya teratur dan dapt diulangi."
  25. ↑ H. Salih, M. Al-Amri, M. El Gomati (2005). "The Miracle of Light", A World of Science 3 (3), UNESCO
  26. 1 2 Marshall, Peter (September 1981), "Nicole Oresme on the Nature, Reflection, and Speed of Light", Isis, 72 (3): 357–374 [367–374], doi:10.1086/352787 
  27. 1 2 3 Richard Powers (University of Illinois), Best Idea; Eyes Wide Open, New York Times, April 18, 1999.
  28. 1 2 Falco, Charles M. (12–15 February 2007), Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Modern Image Analysis, International Conference on Information Sciences, Signal Processing and its Applications 
  29. ↑ Buridan
  30. ↑ Ernest A. Moody (1951), "Galileo and Avempace: The Dynamics of the Leaning Tower Experiment (I)", Journal of the History of Ideas 12 (2): 163–193
  31. ↑ M.-T. d'Alverny, "Translations and Translators," pp. 444–446, 451
  32. ↑ Templat:BBKL
  33. ↑ Charles Burnett, ed. Adelard of Bath, Conversations with His Nephew, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. xi.
  34. ↑ V. J. Katz, A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, p. 291.
  35. ↑ M.-T. d'Alverny, "Translations and Translators," pp. 429, 455
  36. ↑ ”Les Normans en Sicile”
  37. ↑ Roux, p. 47
  38. ↑ Mack, 3-8, and throughout
  39. ↑ Mack, p.65–66
  40. 1 2 Mack, p.51
  41. ↑ Mack, p.52, p.69
  42. ↑ Freider. p.84
  43. ↑ "Perhaps they marked the imagery of a universal faith, an artistic intention consistent with the Church's contemporary international program." Mack, p.69
  44. ↑ (Farmer 1988, p. 137)
  45. ↑ (Farmer 1988, p. 141)
  46. ↑ Bell, Joseph Norment (1979), Love theory in later Hanbalite Islam, Albany: State University of New York Press, m/s. 221, ISBN 978-0-87395-244-6 
  47. ↑ M. Guettat (1980), La Musique classique du Maghreb (Paris: Sindbad).
  48. ↑ "Troubadour", Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie, Macmillan Press Ltd., London
  49. ↑ (Farmer 1988, pp. 72–82)
  50. ↑ Miller, Samuel D. (Autumn 1973), "Guido d'Arezzo: Medieval Musician and Educator", Journal of Research in Music Education, Journal of Research in Music Education, Vol. 21, No. 3, 21 (3): 239–245, doi:10.2307/3345093, JSTOR 3345093 
  51. 1 2 Andrew M. Watson (1974), "The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100", The Journal of Economic History 34 (1), pp. 8–35.
  52. ↑ David A. King (2002). "A Vetustissimus Arabic Text on the Quadrans Vetus", Journal for the History of Astronomy 33, p. 237–255 [237–238].
  53. ↑ The Saphea Arzachelis, astrolabes.org
  54. ↑ Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering, History of Science and Technology in Islam
  55. ↑ Thomas Nordegren. The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. m/s. 38. 
  56. ↑ Chambers's encyclopaedia: a dictionary of universal knowledge, Volume 1. J.B. Lippincott & Co. 1888. m/s. 142. 
  57. ↑ "Studies in Medieval Islamic Technology: From Philo to Al-Jazari - From Alexandria to Diya Bakr", Donald Routledge Hill and David A. King, p.23, 1998, ISBN 978-0-86078-606-1
  58. ↑ Middle Ages
  59. ↑ "Examining the enamel on the Aldrevandini beaker". British Museum. 
  60. ↑ Michael Decker: "Plants and Progress: Rethinking the Islamic Agricultural Revolution", Journal of World History, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2009), pp. 187-206
  61. ↑ "The Sugar Cane Industry: An Historical Geography from Its Origins to 1914 (1989)", pp.34-34, JH Galloway, ISBN 0-521-02219-3
  62. ↑ Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part 1: Avenues Of Technology Transfer
  63. ↑ Adam Lucas (2006), Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology, p. 10 & 65, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-14649-0.
  64. ↑ Ahmad Y Hassan. The Origin of the Suction Pump.
  65. ↑ Quoted in "The Sugar Cane Industry: An Historical Geography from Its Origins to 1914", JH Galloway, p. 27
  66. ↑ Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30.
  67. ↑ British Museum
  68. ↑ "Gold imitation dinar of Offa". British Museum. 
  69. ↑ Blanchard, Ian Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001 ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7 , p.196
  70. ↑ British Museum, Islamic Art room
  71. ↑ Cardini, Franco Europe and Islam Blackwell Publishing, 2001 ISBN 978-0-631-22637-6 , p.26
  72. ↑ Grierson, Philip Medieval European Coinage Cambridge University Press, 1998ISBN 978-0-521-58231-5 , p.3
  73. ↑ Cardini, Franco Europe and Islam Blackwell Publishing, 2001 ISBN 978-0-631-22637-6 , p.26
  74. ↑ Grierson, Philip Medieval European Coinage Cambridge University Press, 1998ISBN 978-0-521-58231-5 , p.3
  75. ↑ I. Heullant-Donat and M.-A. Polo de Beaulieu, "Histoire d'une traduction," in Le Livre de l'échelle de Mahomet, Latin edition and French translation by Gisèle Besson and Michèle Brossard-Dandré, Collection Lettres Gothiques, Le Livre de Poche, 1991, p. 22 with note 37.
  76. ↑ http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/tud.htm
  77. ↑ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy/Inferno/Canto_IV
  78. 1 2 Majid Fakhry (2001). Averroes: His Life, Works and Influence p. 135 Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1-85168-269-4.
  79. ↑ "Avicenna", Lenn Evan Goodman, 2006, p. 209
  80. ↑ Corbin, History of Islamic Philosophy (1993), p.174
  81. ↑ Irwin, Jones (Autumn 2002), "Averroes' Reason: A Medieval Tale of Christianity and Islam", The Philosopher, LXXXX (2) 
  82. ↑ Ormsby, Eric, "Averroes (Ibn Rushd): His Life, Works and Influence", H-Net Review.  See also: "The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Dicapai 2008-08-28. 
  83. ↑ Margaret Smith, Al-Ghazali: The Mystic (London 1944)
  84. ↑ "Inventions et decouvertes au Moyen-Age", Samuel Sadaune, p.112
  85. ↑ Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 109, No. 2, 109 (2): 175–182, doi:10.2307/604423, JSTOR 604423 

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