Rujukan Kebangkitan_kuasa_Adolf

Rujukan Kebangkitan_kuasa_Adolf_Hitler

Nota kaki

↑ He could not, at this time, run for political office in Germany, as he was not then a German citizen. Shirer 1960, halaman 130–131.
The dates chosen for such periods can be somewhat arbitrary. It was starting with Hitler's decision in the Pomeranian hospital to enter politics, and only concluding with (for example) his removal of Röhm (1934) or his "bloodless" conquest of Czechoslovakia (1937) or even his military conquest of France (1940). The article simply uses Hitler's decision to join the party as the start date of the "rise" and the adoption of the Enabling Act as its completion. While that is not the only possible interpretation, it is certainly a reasonable one.
Despite his receipt of several medals and decorations (including twice with the prestigious Iron Cross, both First and Second Class), Hitler was promoted in rank only once, to corporal (Gefreiter). Toland 1976, halaman 84–88.
The Armistice, ceasing active hostilities, was signed and effective 11 November 1918. Hitler, in hospital at the time, was informed of the upcoming cease-fire and the other consequences of Germany's defeat and surrender in the field—including Kaiser Wilhelm II's abdication, and a revolution leading to the proclamation of a republic in Berlin to replace the centuries-old Hohenzollern monarchy—on Sunday morning, 10 November, by a pastor attending to patients. Days after digesting this traumatic news, by his own account Hitler made his decision: "... my own fate became known to me ... I ... decided to go into politics." Hitler 1999, halaman 206.
Hitler, having been born in the defunct Austro-Hungarian Empire to Austrian parents, was not a German citizen, but had managed to enlist in a Bavarian regiment, where he served on the front lines as a runner. He was wounded twice in action; at the time of the Armistice, he was recovering in a German hospital (in Pomerania northeast of Berlin) from temporary blindness that had resulted from a mid-October British gas attack at the last Battle of Ypres. Shirer 1960, halaman 28–30; Toland 1976, halaman 86.
Guard duty at a POW camp to the East, near the Austrian border. Interestingly, the prisoners were Russian, and Hitler had volunteered for the posting. Shirer 1960, halaman 34; Toland 1976, halaman xx.
Toland suggests that Hitler's assignment to this department was partially a reward for his "exemplary" service in the front lines, and partially because the responsible officer felt sorry for Hitler as having no friends, but being very willing to do whatever the army required. Toland 1976, halaman xx.
Apparently someone in an army "educational session" had made a remark that Hitler deemed "pro-Jewish" and Hitler reacted with characteristic ferocity. Shirer states that Hitler had attracted the attention of a right-wing university professor who was engaged to educate enlisted men in "proper" political belief, and that the professor's recommendation to an officer resulted in Hitler's advancement. Shirer 1960, halaman 35.
"I was offered the opportunity of speaking before a larger audience; and ... it was now corroborated: I could 'speak.' No task could make me happier than this; ... I was able to perform useful services to ... the army. ... [I]n ... my lectures I led many hundreds ... of comrades back to their people and fatherland." Hitler 1999, halaman 215–216.
Held, like so many meetings of the period, in a beer cellar, this time the Sterneckerbrau. Hitler 1999, halaman 218.
Feder had formed the German Fighting League for the Breaking of Interest Slavery. The notion of "Breaking Interest Slavery" was, by Hitler's account, a "powerful slogan for this coming struggle." Hitler 1999, halaman 213.
According to Shirer, the seemingly preposterous "South German nation" idea actually had some popularity in Munich in the politically raucous atmosphere of Bavaria following the war. Shirer 1960, halaman 36.
The membership numbers were artificially started at 501 because the DAP wanted to make itself look larger than it actually was. The membership numbers were also apparently issued alphabetically, and not chronologically, so one cannot infer that Hitler was in fact the party's 55th member. Toland 1976, halaman 131. In a Hitler speech shown in Triumph of the Will, Hitler makes explicit reference to his being the seventh party member and he notes the same in Mein Kampf. Hitler 1999, halaman 224.
The word "Nazi" is a contraction for Nationalsozialistische, but this contraction was not used by the party itself.
Hess participated in the putsch, but escaped police custody following its abortive end. He initially fled to Austria, but later turned himself in to the authorities. Nesbit & van Acker 2011, halaman 18–19.

Petikan

Bibliografi

Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1991). The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Consequences of National Socialism. Penguin History Series. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-013724-8.
Bullock, Alan (1991) [1962]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York; London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 1-56852-036-0.
Burleigh, Michael (2000). The Third Reich: A New History. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X.
Campbell, Bruce (1998). The SA Generals and The Rise of Nazism. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2047-0.
Encyclopædia Britannica. "Franz von Papen". Britannica.com. Dicapai 2 January 2014.
Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York; Toronto: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8.
Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9648-X.
Evans, Richard J. (2005). Das Dritte Reich – Aufstieg (dalam bahasa German). Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-423-34191-2. Parameter |trans_title= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan)Selenggaraan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak dikenali (link)
Frei, Norbert (1983). "Machtergreifung – Anmerkungen zu einem historischen Begriff]" (PDF). Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (VfZ) (dalam bahasa German) (31): 136–145. Parameter |trans_title= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan)Selenggaraan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak dikenali (link)
Fulbrook, Mary (1991). The Fontana History of Germany: 1918–1990: The Divided Nation. Fontana Press.
Fulda, Bernhard (2009). Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954778-4.
Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and All That Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
Hamann, Brigitte (2010). Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man. Tauris Parke. ISBN 978-1848852778.
Hitler, Adolf (1999) [1925]. Mein Kampf. New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-92503-4.
Hoffmann, Peter (1977). The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945 (edisi First English). London: McDonald & Jane's.
Hoffmann, Peter (2000). Hitler's Personal Security: Protecting the Führer 1921–1945. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-30680-947-7.
Kershaw, Ian (1999) [1998]. Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-04671-7.
Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-06757-2.
Kolb, Eberhard (2005) [1984]. The Weimar Republic. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34441-8.
Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (2008). Hitler Youth, 1922–1945: An Illustrated History. Jefferson, NC; London: McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-0786439355.
Manvell, Roger; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2011) [1962]. Goering: The Rise and Fall of the Notorious Nazi Leader. London: Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-61608-109-6.
Nesbit, Roy Conyers; van Acker, Georges (2011) [1999]. The Flight of Rudolf Hess: Myths and Reality. Stroud: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-4757-2.
Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.
Siemens, Daniel (2013). The Making of a Nazi Hero: The Murder and Myth of Horst Wessel. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0857733139.
Stachura, Peter D., penyunting (2015) [First published in 1983 by Allen & Unwin]. "Introduction: Weimar National Socialism and Historians". The Nazi Machtergreifung. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-75554-0. .
Staff (1989). Shadows of the Dictators: AD 1925–50. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-7054-0990-2.
Staff (2 July 1934). "Germany: Second Revolution?". Time Magazine. Time. Diarkibkan daripada asal pada 17 April 2008. Dicapai 13 May 2013.
Thacker, Toby (2010) [2009]. Joseph Goebbels: Life and Death. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-27866-0.
Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler. New York: Doubleday & Company. ISBN 0-385-03724-4.
Weale, Adrian (2010). The SS: A New History. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1408703045.
Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1997) [1991]. The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-3068079-3-0.