Gambaran keseluruhan

Universiti Johns Hopkins telah diasaskan pada Januari 22, 1876 oleh para perintis pendidikan yang meninggalkan peranan tradisional kolej Amerika dan forged a new era of modern research universities dengan berfokus pada pengembangan ilmu, penidikan siswazah, dan menyokong penyelidikan fakulti. Presiden pertama universiti adalah Daniel Coit Gilman. Mottonya dalam bahasa Latin adalah Veritas vos liberabit – "Kebenaran akan membebaskan anda."

Asal unsul nama

Nama pertama yang ganjil pendermawan Johns Hopkins adalah nama keluarga nenek moyangnya, Margaret Johns, yang berkahwin dengan Gerard Hopkins. Mereka menamakan anak lelaki mereka Johns Hopkins, dan namanya diwariskan pada cucu lelaki mereka his name, pengasas universiti.

Dalam suatu alamat permulaan pada Kelas 2001 siswazah, presiden universiti William R. Brody telah mempunyai yang berikut untuk mengatakan pasal nama itu: "Pada 1888, hanya 12 tahun selepas universiti diasaskan, Mark Twain mengarang tentang universiti ini dalam sebuah surat ke seorang kawan. Dia berkata: Beberapa bulan yang lalu saya telah diberitahu bahawa Universiti Johns Hopkins telah memberikan asaya sebuah sarjana. Saya swajarnya menganggap ini mendirikan saya seorang Ahli Fakulti, dan oleh itu saya bermula membantu sebanyak mungkin. Saya memberitahu mereka saya mempercayai mereka adalah secara sempurna layak untuk menjalan sebah kolej sejauh cadang-cabang lebih tinggi pendidikan dikhuatiri, tetapi apa yang mereka memerlukan adalah sedikit bantuan si dan sana dari seorang komersial yang beramal. Saya berkata orang ramai adalah sensitive dengan sedikit benda, dan mereka tidak mempunyai keyakinan dalam sebuah kolej yang tidak tahu mengeja nama . Lebih dari sekurun kemudian, kita berterusan More than a century later, we continue to bestow diplomas upon individuals of outstanding capabilities and great talent. And we continue to spell Johns with an  's'  ".[11]

Milton Eisenhower, a president of the university, was once invited to speak to a convention in Pittsburgh. Making a common mistake, the Master of Ceremonies introduced him as "President of John Hopkins." Eisenhower retorted that he was "glad to be here in Pittburgh."[12]

Early years

In 1873 Johns Hopkins, a childless bachelor, bequeathed $7 million to fund a hospital and university in Baltimore, Maryland. At that time this fortune, generated primarily from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States. The new board searched the nation for appropriate models of higher education, however finding none to their liking, they opted for an entirely different model dedicated to the discovery of knowledge at an advanced level. It owed its inspiration not to America's higher educational system but to that of contemporary Germany.

By following the Germanic university example, the board moved higher education in the United States away from a focus on teaching either revealed or applied knowledge to a concentration on research, the scientific discovery of new knowledge. This made Johns Hopkins the genesis of the modern research university in the United States. The university was intended to be national in scope for a country divided in the aftermath of the American Civil War. Therefore, the university's official inauguration took on great significance: 1876 was the nation's centennial year and February 22 was George Washington's birthday.

The Gilman period

Johns Hopkins viability depended on the board of trustees' choice for the first president, Daniel Coit Gilman, who had been recruited away from the presidency of the University of California. Gilman launched what many at the time considered to be an audacious and unprecedented academic experiment to merge teaching and research. He dismissed the idea that the two were mutually exclusive: "The best teachers are usually those who are free, competent, and willing to make original researches in the library and the laboratory," he stated. To implement his educational plan, Gilman recruited internationally known luminaries such as the biologist Henry Newell Martin; the Greek scholar Basil Gildersleeve; the classicist Charles D. Morris; the economist Richard T. Ely; and the chemist Ira Remsen, who became the second president of the university in 1901.

Gilman thus abandoned the traditional roles of the American college and forged a new era of modern research universities by focusing on the expansion of knowledge, graduate education, and support of faculty research. To Gilman, Johns Hopkins existed not for the sake of God, the state, the community, the board, the parents, or even the students, but for knowledge. Therefore, faculty who expanded knowledge were rewarded. Coupled with this focus was the concentration on graduate education and the fusion of advanced scholarship with such professional schools as medicine and engineering. Hopkins consequently became the national trendsetter in doctoral programs and the host for numerous scholarly journals and associations with the founding of the first university press in 1878. With the completion of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1889 followed by the opening of the medical school in 1893, the university's research focused mode of instruction soon began attracting world-renowned faculty members who would become major figures in the emerging field of academic medicine, including William Osler, William Halsted, Howard Kelly, and William Welch. During this period Hopkins also made history by becoming the the first medical school to admit women on an equal basis as men and require a Bachelors degree to gain enterance, based on the efforts of Mary E. Garrett who had also endowed the school at Gilman's request.

In his will and in the instructions that he gave to the trustees of the university and the hospital, Johns Hopkins requested that both institutions be built upon the vast grounds of his Baltimore estate, Clifton. When Daniel Coit Gilman assumed the presidency of the university, he decided that it was more important to use the university's endowment for other purposes, such as recruiting faculty and students, than for the construction of buildings for the two institutions, and declared that it was more important to "build men, not buildings." Also, in his will Johns Hopkins stipulated that none of the money he left behind should be used for the construction of buildings, only interest incurred from the principal could be used for this purpose. Unfortunately, stocks in The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from which most of the interest would have been generated became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death because of mismanagement in the company. Therefore the university's first home was in Downtown Baltimore and plans were made to move the university to Clifton in the future. Gilman's decision to not locate the university where Hopkins wanted became the only major criticism of his presidency. In the early 1900s the university outgrew the buildings available to it and the trustees began to search for a new home. Developing the entirety of Clifton for the university was out of the financial reach of the university at the time, and Johns Hopkins' beautiful estate was bought for one million dollars by the city and became a public park. In the end, the 140-acre estate in north Baltimore known as Homewood was purchased as the university's new campus with assistance from prominent Baltimore citizens.

Civil rights

During his lifetime Johns Hopkins was a prominent abolitionist who supported Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. After his death Johns Hopkins' memory was reported to be a decisive factor in opening the doors of Johns Hopkins University to both its first African American student, a graduate student in physics, astronomy and mathematics, Kelly Miller, and the first three African American physicians to Maryland's Medical and Chirurgical Society MedChi. Harvard trained physician Whitfield Winsey was the first African American member of this organization and of another local medical society that later merged with it.[13] These physicians could attend meetings because meetings were held on Johns Hopkins' campus. As the memory of Johns Hopkins waned and trustees like King died, the institutions he endowed became more like so many other institutions in the city where Johns Hopkins had made his wealth, particularly in terms of race. On March 15, 1892, it is stated in the Johns Hopkins University chronology that an administrator hired by Gilman recommended that the hospital should have a "separate ward for colored patients".[14] Johns Hopkins Hospital subsequently became a segregated facility. Yet, Johns Hopkins' separate but equal stance was still evident when it came to these segregated wards: "Special care will be taken to see that the heating and ventilation apparatus is as perfect as possible. A sun balcony will be erected on each floor on the east side, for convalescents, while a sun bay-window will be constructed at the south end of the south wing. On each floor there will be a dining room, kitchen, lavatory and bath-rooms...The building will be fireproof throughout."[14]

As segregation began to be increasingly reflected within the Johns Hopkins institutions, it affected pay, hiring and promotions and until today patients in these segregated wards and those employed in the lower rungs of the service industries have the longest and most continuous history within the Johns Hopkins Institutions. Johns Hopkins' students, physicians, administrators and staff of African descent have a much shorter history within these institutions, and most are still living today, including the first African undergraduate, Frederick Scott and one of the two first graduates of the medical school, "British-trained Nigerian", James Nabwangu. He and an African-American, Robert Gamble, graduated in 1967.[15]

The first African American instructor, laboratory supervisor was Vivien Thomas who also invented and developed research instruments, served as an assistant in surgery to surgeon Alfred Blalock, and worked closely with Blalock and Helen Taussig in developing and conducting the first successful blue baby operation. The doors of the Johns Hopkins Institutions, and of Maryland's state medical societies were largely closed to students and professionals of African descent until after the 1940s, and more so, the 1960s and 1970s. African Americans and women were labeled "The Uninvited" in the second major history of Johns Hopkins University.

Women's rights

The most well known struggle of women was that led by daughters of trustees of the university, Mary E. Garrett, M. Carey Thomas, Mamie Gwinn, and Elizabeth King, and Julia Rogers.[16] They donated funds, undertook the effort in raising the funds needed to open the medical school, and required Hopkins' officials to agree to their stipulation that women would be able to obtain a medical education at Hopkins. Still this stipulation did not apply to the rest of the schools at the university founded over a decade earlier. Other graduate schools were eventually opened to women by the university's second president Ira Remsen in 1907 despite the fact that in 1882 Christine Ladd-Franklin had already met the requirements for her PhD in mathematics (the first woman to do so in any subject at Hopkins), though the trustees had denied her the degree and had refused to change the policy about admitting women at the time; her degree was consequently awarded to her in 1926, 44 years later. In 1889, the nursing school opened and accepted women and men as students and in 1893 Florence Bascomb became the university's first female Ph.D.[17]

The decision to admit of women at undergraduate level however was not considered until the late 1960s. The policy change was eventually implemented in October 1969, and in the fall of 1970, 90 female students, five of them African Americans, become undergraduates at Johns Hopkins University. In the academic year 1970–1971, 4.7% of students in the Arts and Sciences programs were women. In the year 1985–1986 the proportion of female students in the Arts and Sciences programs had increased to around 38%. Currently, the undergraduate population is 47% female and 53% male.[18]

Modern times

Hopkins is known for a range of ground breaking programs. The Johns Hopkins University Press, founded in 1878, is the oldest American university press in continuous operation. Along with the hospital, Hopkins established one of the nation's oldest schools of nursing in 1889. The school of medicine was the nation's first coeducational, graduate-level medical school and the prototype for academic medicine which emphasized bedside learning, research projects, and laboratory training. In 1909, the university was among the first to start adult continuing education programs and in 1916 it founded the first school of public health in the country. Programs in international studies and the performing arts were established in 1950 and 1977 when the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies in Washington D.C and the Peabody Institute in Baltimore became divisions of the university.

In terms of leadership, the legacy begun by Gilman has continued among the university's presidents through the years. Among them, Milton S. Eisenhower, brother of Dwight Eisenhower, led Johns Hopkins during the 1950s and 1960s when the university's income tripled, endowment doubled, ambitious building projects were undertaken, and strong ties with Washington, D.C. were developed. Because of his contributions, Eisenhower was one of two men named President Emeritus. Steven Muller, who served as president from 1972 until 1990, is the only other one awarded this title - and along with Gilman is one of two to be named president of both the Johns Hopkins Hospital and the university.

Though privately endowed, Johns Hopkins University embodies what Clark Kerr calls the "federal grant university",[19] as it is often the most prolific in federal research and development expenditures. This also shows the priorities of federal grant authorities, as the school's humanities programs do not attract research funding commensurate with that attracted by medicine, public health, engineering, and physics;[petikan diperlukan] despite this, programs in the humanities are still highly ranked.[20] The huge infusion of federal funding aids the university in supplementing its educational presence in Baltimore with the economic role of being the city's single largest employer.