Rujukan Empayar_Carolus

  1. ↑ Post-Roman towns, trade and settlement in Europe and Byzantium – Joachim Henning – Google Břger. Books.google.dk. Dicapai 24 Disember 2014. The size of the Carolingian empire can be roughly estimated at 1,112,000 km² 
  2. ↑ Ildar H. Garipzanov, The Symbolic Language of Authority in the Carolingian World (c.751–877) (Leiden: Brill, 2008).
  3. ↑
  4. ↑ Davis, Jennifer (2015). Charlemagne's Practice of Empire. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 25. ISBN 978-1316368596. 
  5. ↑ "Die Geburt Zweier Staaten – Die Straßburger Eide vom 14. February 842 | Wir Europäer | DW.DE | 21.07.2009". Dw-world.de. 2009-07-21. Dicapai 2013-03-26. 
  6. ↑ Eric Joseph Goldberg, Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876, Cornell University Press, 2006 ISBN 978-0-8014-3890-5
  7. ↑ Simon MacLean, Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire, Cambridge University Press, 2003 ISBN 978-0-521-81945-9
  8. ↑ Egon Boshof: Ludwig der Fromme. Darmstadt 1996, p. 89