Rujukan Sejarah_perhambaan_di_dunia_Islam

  1. ↑ Lewis 1994, Ch.1
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Segal, Hamba Hitam Islam , 2001 : p.4
  3. ↑ Clarence-Smith (2006), ms.2-5
  4. ↑ [Jumlah perdagangan hamba hitam di dunia Islam dari laluan Sahara, Laut Merah dan Lautan Hindi melalui abad ke-19 datang kepada kira-kira 11,500,000, "angka yang tidak jauh dari 11,863,000 dianggarkan telah dimuatkan ke kapal selama empat abad perdagangan hamba Atlantik. " (Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformasi dalam Perhambaan (CUP, 1983)
  5. ↑ Raymond Mauvy menganggarkan sejumlah 14 juta hamba hitam didagangkan dalam Islam melalui Abad ke-20, termasuk 300,000 untuk sebahagian abad ke-20. (p.57, sumber: "Les Siecles obsurs de l'Afrique Noire (Paris: Fayard, 1970)]
  6. ↑ HOCHSCHILD, ADAM (March 4, 2001). "Human Cargo". New York Times. Dicapai pada 1 September 2015.
  7. ↑ Beigbeder, Yves (2006). Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940-2005). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. m/s. 42. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. Ahli sejarah Roger Botte menganggarkan bahawa perdagangan hamba Arab Afrika hingga abad ke-20 telah melibatkan 12-15 juta orang, dengan penyertaan aktif pemimpin Afrika.
  8. ↑ Gordon 1987, halaman 40.
  9. ↑ Al-Quran dengan Tafsiran Anotasi dalam Bahasa Inggeris Moden oleh Ali Ünal Page 1323
  10. ↑ Ensiklopedia Al-Qur'an , Hamba dan Perhambaan
  11. ↑ Bilal b. Rabah, Ensiklopedia Islam
  12. ↑ Sejarah Cambridge Islam (1977), ms.36
  13. ↑ Bernard Lewis, Perlumbaan dan Warna dalam Islam, Harper dan Yuow, 1970, pada halaman 38. Tanda kurungan dipaparkan oleh Lewis.
  14. ↑ http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/cairodeclaration.html
  15. ↑ Penghambaan dalam Islam . 7 September 2009. BBC.
  16. ↑ Lewis, Bernard (1994). Race and Slavery in the Middle East. Oxford Univ Press. ln later times, for which we have more detailed evidence, it would seem that while the slaves often suffered appalling privations from the moment of their capture until their arrival at their final destination, once they were placed with a family they were reasonably well treated and accepted in some degree as members of the household. In commerce, slaves were often apprenticed to their masters, sometimes as assistants, sometimes advancing to become agents or even business partners.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brunschvig. 'Abd; Ensiklopedia Islam
  18. ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml
  19. ↑ Martin A. Klein (2002), Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition, Page xxii, ISBN 0810841029
  20. 1 2 Segal, Hamba Hitam Islam , 1568 : p.206
  21. ↑ Segal, Hamba Hitam Islam , 2001 : ms.222
  22. 1 2 Lewis (1992) ms. 4
  23. 1 2 3 Ensiklopedia Alkitab , Hamba dan Perhambaan
  24. ↑ Mendelsohn (1949) ms. 54-58
  25. ↑ John L Esposito (1998) ms. 79
  26. ↑ Watt, Muhammad di Madinah , 1956, ms. 296
  27. 1 2 Manning (1990) ms.28
  28. ↑ Levy (1957) ms. 77
  29. ↑ Brunschvig. 'Abd; Ensiklopedia Islam, halaman 16.
  30. 1 2 Segal, Hamba Hitam Islam , 2001 : p.62
  31. ↑ Hansen, Suzy (2001). "Islam's black slaves". Salon.com book review. Salon.com. Diarkib daripada yang asal pada 2007-03-01. Dicapai pada 2007-04-05. Parameter |dead-url= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan) - See under 'What about eunuchs?'
  32. ↑ William D. Phillips, Jr. (1985). Slavery from Roman times to the early transatlantic trade. Manchester University Press. halaman 76–7. ISBN 978-0-7190-1825-1.
  33. 1 2 William D. Phillips (1985). Slavery from Roman times to the early transatlantic trade. Manchester University Press. m/s. 76. ISBN 978-0-7190-1825-1.
  34. ↑ Lewis 1990, halaman 10.
  35. ↑ Lewis (1990), halaman 42.
  36. ↑ Manning (1990) h.10
  37. ↑ Murray Gordon, Perhambaan di Dunia Arab . New Amsterdam Press, New York, 1989. Originally diterbitkan dalam Bahasa Perancis oleh Editions Robert Laffont, SA Paris, 1987, halaman 28.
  38. ↑ Interview with Ronald Segal on the subject of his book Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora. Suzy Hansen, "Islam’s black slaves," Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Salon, April 5, 2001.
  39. ↑ Pankhurst (1997) ms. 59
  40. ↑ "Ohio State Research News with reference to "Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800" (Palgrave Macmillan)". Diarkib daripada yang asal pada 2011-07-25. Parameter |dead-url= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan)
  41. 1 2 3 Holt et al. (1970) ms.391
  42. ↑ Ingram (1967) ms.175
  43. ↑ Brunschvig. 'Abd; Ensiklopedia Islam, halaman 13.
  44. ↑ Lewis 1990, halaman 63.
  45. ↑ Fuad Matthew Caswell, The Slave Girls of Baghdad: 'Qiyān' dalam Era Awal Abbasid (London: IB Tauris, 2011), ms. Xx, 1-2.
  46. ↑ Hughes, T.P., Dictionary of Islam p.600 ISBN 1298825962
  47. 1 2 3 Furlonge, Nigel D. (1999). "Revisiting the Zanj and Re-Visioning Revolt: Complexities of the Zanj Conflict - 868-883 Ad - slave revolt in Iraq". Negro History Bulletin. 62. Parameter |subscription= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan)
  48. ↑ Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, tr., Chachnamah, Sejarah Purba Sind, 1900, cetakan semula (Delhi, 1979), halaman 154, 163. Sumber abad ketiga belas ini mendakwa sebagai terjemahan Persia (yang kelihatan hilang) manuskrip Arab abad yang memperincikan penaklukan Islam Sind.
  49. ↑ Andre Wink, Al-Hind: Pembuatan Dunia Indo-Islam, vol. 1, Awal Abad Pertengahan India dan Perluasan Islam, Ketujuh hingga Sebelas Kesebelas (Leiden, 1990)
  50. ↑ Muhammad Qasim Firishta, Tarikh-i-Firishta (Lucknow, 1864).
  51. ↑ Andre Wink, Al-Hind: Pembuatan Dunia Indo-Islam, vol. 2, Raja-raja Slave dan Penaklukan Islam, abad ke-11 ke-13 (Leiden, 1997)
  52. ↑ Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Utbi, Tarikh al-Yamini (Delhi, 1847), tr. oleh James Reynolds, Kitab-i-Yamini (London, 1858),
  53. ↑ Wink, Al-Hind, II
  54. ↑ Henry M. Elliot dan John Dowson, Sejarah India seperti yang diberitahu oleh Ahli Sejarahnya sendiri, 8 jilid (London, 1867-77), II,
  55. ↑ Dale, Peniaga India,
  56. ↑ Satish C. Misra, Kebangkitan Kuasa Muslim di Gujarat (Bombay, 1963), p 205.
  57. ↑ Cambridge History of India ed. Wolseley Haig, Vol. III ms.356, 449.
  58. ↑ Cambridge History of India ed. Wolseley Haig, Vol. III, p391, 397-398
  59. ↑ Sewell, Robert. A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar) ms.57-58.
  60. ↑ Moreland WH, India pada Kematian Akbar , (1920) h. 92.
  61. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath. Sejarah Aurangzeb , jilid III, ms.331-32
  62. ↑ Khan, Samsam ud Daula Shah Nawaz; Khan, Abdul Hai. Maasir-ul-Umara (dalam bahasa Persian). III. Diterjemah oleh Beni Prasad; Beveridge, H. Calcutta. m/s. 442.Selenggaraan CS1: bahasa tidak dikenali (link)
  63. ↑ Perjalanan dari Fray Sebāstien Manrique, 1629-1643 vol. II, ms.272. (Ashgate, cetakan semula 2010)
  64. ↑ "Supply of Slaves".
  65. ↑ Uthmaniyah terhadap orang Itali dan Portugis mengenai (perhambaan putih) .
  66. ↑ Selamat datang ke Panduan Encyclopædia Britannica untuk Sejarah Hitam .
  67. ↑ Wolf Von Schierbrand (March 28, 1886 (news was reported on March 4)). "Slaves sold to the Turk; How the vile traffic is still carried on in the East. Sights our correspondent saw for twenty dollars--in the house of a grand old Turk of a dealer" (PDF). The New York Times. Dicapai pada 19 January 2011. Periksa date values in: |date= (bantuan)
  68. ↑ Madeline C. Zilfi Wanita dan perhambaan di akhir zaman Ottoman Empire Cambridge University Press, 2010
  69. ↑ Eric Dursteler (2006). Venetians in Constantinople: Nation, Identity, and Coexistence in the Early Modern Mediterranean. JHU Press. m/s. 72. ISBN 978-0-8018-8324-8.
  70. ↑ "Janissary - Everything2.com". www.everything2.com.
  71. ↑ "Lewis. Race and Slavery in the Middle East".
  72. ↑ "The Turks: History and Culture".
  73. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 James Francis Warren (2002). Iranun and Balangingi: Globalization, Maritime Raiding and the Birth of Ethnicity. NUS Press. halaman 53–56. ISBN 9789971692421.
  74. 1 2 James Francis Warren (2007). The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State. NUS Press. halaman 257–258. ISBN 9789971693862.
  75. 1 2 Domingo M. Non (1993). "Moro Piracy during the Spanish Period and its Impact" (PDF). Southeast Asian Studies. 30 (4): 401–419. doi:10.20495/tak.30.4_401.
  76. ↑ David P. Barrows (1905). A History of the Philippines. American Book Company.
  77. ↑ Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje , Verspreide Geschriften (Bonn, 1923), II, II ff
  78. 1 2 Bernard Lewis, (1992), ms 78-79
  79. ↑ Lewis, Bangsa Bernard dan Perhambaan di Timur Tengah (1990) hlm. 11-11
  80. ↑ Lewis, Perlumbaan Bernard dan Perhambaan di Timur Tengah (1990) ms.111, 149-156
  81. ↑ Segal, Hamba Hitam Islam , 2001 : p.5
  82. ↑ Seyyed Hossein Nasr (2004), p.182
  83. ↑ Jok 2001, m/s. 3.
  84. ↑ James R. Lewis dan Carl Skutsch, The Human Rights Encyclopedia , v.3, ms. 898-904
  85. ↑ (byline dated March 4) Wolf Von Schierbrand (March 28, 1886). "Slaves sold to the Turk" (PDF). The New York Times. Dicapai pada 2011-01-19.
  86. ↑ Gordon 1989, halaman 21.
  87. ↑ Dalam kisahnya dalam Perjalanan A Tahun Melalui Tengah dan Arab Timur 5 Ed. London (1869), p.270
  88. ↑ Doughty, Charles Montagu, Arabia Deserta (Cambridge, 1988), Saya, 554
  89. 1 2 quotes by Jok Madut Jok, (source: Jok, Madut Jok (2001). War and Slavery in Sudan. University of Pennsylvania Press. m/s. 5. ISBN 978-0-8122-1762-9.
  90. ↑ Levy, hl.88
  91. ↑ Levy, hlm.85
  92. ↑ John J. Miller. "Penghambatan yang Tidak Dikenal: Di Dunia Islam, Itu Tidak-dan Tidak Berlaku," Kajian Negara, 20 Mei 2002. Satu salinan artikel boleh didapati di sini .
  93. ↑ Levy, hl.89
  94. ↑ Murray Gordon. 'Perhambaan di Dunia Arab', New York: New Amsterdam, 1989, ms. 234.
  95. ↑ "Slavery: Mauritania's best kept secret". BBC News. December 13, 2004. Dicapai pada May 5, 2010.
  96. ↑ Slavery. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001. ISBN 9780195125580. Since the mid-twentieth century, slavery has been virtually extinct in the central Islamic lands, though reports from Sudan and Somalia reveal that slavery is still practiced in border areas as a result of continuing warfare.
  97. ↑ "Staff Profile Professor William Gervase Clarence-Smith". Diarkib daripada yang asal pada April 17, 2006. Dicapai pada August 9, 2015. Parameter |dead-url= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan)
  98. ↑ Clarence-Smith, W. G. (2006). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. Oxford University Press. m/s. 188. ISBN 9780195221510. Dicapai pada 17 August 2015.
  99. ↑ Science, London School of Economics and Political. "Department of Economic History" (PDF).
  100. ↑ Clarence-Smith, W. G. (2006). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. Oxford University Press. m/s. 186. ISBN 9780195221510. Dicapai pada 17 August 2015.
  101. ↑ Qutb, Muhammad, Islam, Agama yang Tidak Dahsyat, islamicbulletin.org ms.27-8
  102. 1 2 Qutb, Muhammad, Islam, Agama yang Diselewengkan, islamicbulletin.org hlm
  103. ↑ Qutb, Muhammad, Islam, Agama Misunderstood , Markazi Maktabi Islami, Delhi-6, 1992 p.50
  104. ↑ Khaled Abou El Fadl dan William Clarence-Smith
  105. ↑ Abou el Fadl, Kecurian Besar , HarperSanFrancisco, c2005. h.255
  106. ↑ Shaikh Salih al-Fawzan "affirmation of slavery" was found on page 24 of "Taming a Neo-Qutubite Fanatic Part 1" when accessed on February 17, 2007 "Archived copy" (PDF). Diarkib daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2009-03-19. Dicapai pada 2014-11-18. Parameter |dead-url= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan)
  107. ↑ The Great Theft: Gusti Allah Wrestling dari Extremists , oleh Khaled Abou El Fadl, Harper San Francisco, 2005, ms.255
  108. ↑ BBC News "Hamba hamba Arab Saudi"
  109. ↑ Jok 2001, m/s. xi.
  110. ↑ Jok 2001, m/s. 2.
  111. 1 2 African migrants sold in Libya 'slave markets', IOM says. BBC.
  112. 1 2 "Migrants from west Africa being 'sold in Libyan slave markets'". The Guardian.
  113. ↑ "African migrants sold as 'slaves' in Libya".
  114. ↑ "West African migrants are kidnapped and sold in Libyan slave markets / Boing Boing". boingboing.net.
  115. ↑ Adams, Paul (28 February 2017). "Libya exposed as child migrant abuse hub".
  116. ↑ "Immigrant Women, Children Raped, Starved in Libya's Hellholes: Unicef". 28 February 2017.
  117. ↑ "Reporter describes 'surreal' experience of watching a migrant slave auction in Libya". CBC.
  118. ↑ "Libya opens investigation into slave auctions following CNN report". CNN.
  119. ↑ "African refugees bought, sold and murdered in Libya". Al-Jazeera.
  120. ↑ Nellie Peyton (30 May 2018). "African migrants report torture, slavery in Algeria". Reuters Africa. Dakar.
  121. ↑ Lister, Tim (6 May 2014). "Boko Haram: The essence of terror". CNN. Dicapai pada 13 May 2014.
  122. ↑ Reuters , "Negara Islam Memohon Menjadi Ensiklopedia Memperkuat Yazidi Wanita dan Gadis di Iraq," Newsweek , 10-13-2014
  123. ↑ Athena Yenko, "Judgment Day Justifies Sex Slavery Of Women – ISIS Out With Its 4th Edition Of Dabiq Magazine," Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. International Business Times-Australia, October 13, 2014
  124. ↑ Allen McDuffee, "ISIS Sekarang Bercerita Mengenai Enslaving Wanita dan Kanak-kanak," The Atlantic , 13 Okt 2014
  125. ↑ Salma Abdelaziz, "ISIS menyatakan justifikasi untuk perhambaan wanita," CNN , 13 Oktober 2014
  126. ↑ Richard Spencer, "Ribuan wanita Yazidi dijual sebagai hamba seks 'untuk sebab-sebab teologi', kata Isil," The Daily Telegraph , 13 Okt 2014.
  127. ↑ "Mempunyai dan memegang: Jihadists bermegah menjual wanita tawanan sebagai selir," The Economist , 18 Okt 2014
  128. ↑ EconomistStaff (October 18, 2014). "Jihadists Boast of Selling Captive Women as Concubines". The Economist. Dicapai pada 20 October 2014.
  129. ↑ Nour Malas, "Nubuatan Purna Memotivasi Militan Negara Islam: Strategi Pertempuran yang Didorong oleh Idea Apokaliptik yang berusia 1,400 tahun," The Wall Street Journal , 18 Nov 2014 (diakses 22 Nov 2014)
  130. ↑ Lauren Markoe (24 September 2013). "Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter to Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology". The Huffington Post. Religious News Service. Dicapai pada 25 September 2014.
  131. ↑ Smith, Samuel (25 September 2014). "International Coalition of Muslim Scholars Refute ISIS' Religious Arguments in Open Letter to al-Baghdadi". The Christian Post. Dicapai pada 18 October 2014.
  132. ↑ "Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi". September 2014. Diarkib daripada yang asal pada 25 September 2014. Dicapai pada 25 September 2014. Parameter |dead-url= yang tidak diketahui diendahkan (bantuan)

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