Nota Islam

  1. ↑ Ten Misconceptions About Islam, Compendium of Muslim Texts, USC-MSA.
  2. 1 2 3 L. Gardet. Islam. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  3. 1 2 "Lane's lexicon" (PDF). Dicapai 2007-07-03. 
  4. 1 2 Lihat:
  5. 1 2 Lihat:
    • Accad (2003): Mengikut Ibnu Taimiyah, walaupun sesetengah Muslim menerima ketepatan teks seluruh kitab Bible, kebanyakan Muslim cuma menerima ketepatan sebahagian besarnya sahaja.
    • Esposito (1998), m/s. 6,12
    • Esposito (2002b), m/s. 4–5
    • F. E. Peters (2003), m/s. 9
    • F. Buhl. Muhammad. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
    • Hava Lazarus-Yafeh. Tahrif. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  6. ↑ Esposito (2002b), m.s. 17
  7. ↑ Lihat:
    • Esposito (2002b), m/s. 111,112,118
    • Shari'ah. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  8. 1 2 3 "Islām". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Dicapai 2010-08-25. 
  9. 1 2 3 Tracy Miller, penyunting (2009). Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population (PDF). Pew Research Center. Dicapai 2009-10-08.  Parameter |month= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan)
  10. 1 2 3 "Religions". Agensi Perisikan Pusat. The World Factbook. 2010. Dicapai 2010-08-25. 
  11. ↑ Lihat:
    • Esposito (2002b), m/s. 21
    • Esposito (2004), m/s. 2, 43
  12. ↑ Lihat Islam mengikut negara
  13. ↑ "Major Religions of the World—Ranked by Number of Adherents" (HTML). Dicapai 2007-07-03. 
  14. ↑ "Islam Today". PBS. Dicapai 2010-08-25. Islam, followed by more than a billion people today, is the world's fastest growing religion and will soon be the world's largest... 
  15. ↑ "No God But God". Thomas W. Lippman. U.S. News & World Report. 7 April 2008. Dicapai 2010-08-25. Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is a unique religion based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others. 
  16. ↑ "Understanding Islam". Susan Headden. U.S. News & World Report. 7 April 2008. Dicapai 2010-08-25. 
  17. ↑ "The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions". Foreign Policy. 14 Mei 2007. Dicapai 2010-05-16. 
  18. ↑ "Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents". Adherents.com. Dicapai 2007-07-03. 
  19. ↑ Douglas Harper. "Islam". Online Etymology Dictionary. Dicapai 2007-11-22. 
  20. ↑ Quran 6:125, Quran 61:7, Quran 39:22
  21. ↑ Quran 5:3, Quran 3:19, Quran 3:83
  22. ↑ Lihat:
    • Quran 9:74, Quran 49:14
    • L. Gardet. Islam. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  23. ↑ Quran 2:4, Quran 2:285, Quran 4:136, Quran 57:22-23
  24. ↑ Esposito (2004), m/s. 17, 18, 21
  25. ↑ Lihat:
    • Momem (1987), m/s. 176
    • Islam. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  26. ↑ Quran 30:30
  27. ↑ Lihat:
  28. ↑ Lihat:
    • "Islam and Christianity", Encyclopedia of Christianity (2001): Orang Yahudi dan Kristian berbahasa Arab juga merujuk kepada Tuhan dengan nama Allāh.
    • L. Gardet. Allah. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  29. ↑ David Bentley (1999). The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book. William Carey Library. ISBN 0-87808-299-9.  Parameter |month= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan)
  30. ↑ Lihat:
    • Quran 112:1–4
    • Esposito (2002b), m/s. 74–76
    • Esposito (2004), m/s. 22
    • Griffith (2006), m/s. 248
    • D. Gimaret. Allah, Tawhid. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  31. ↑ David Thomas. Tathlith, Trinity. Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  32. ↑ Qur'an. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  33. ↑ Lihat:
    • Islam. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
    • Qur'an. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  34. ↑ Esposito (2004), m/s. 79
  35. ↑ Lihat:
    • Esposito (2004), m/s. 79–81
    • Tafsir. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  36. ↑ Lihat:
    • Teece (2003), m/s. 12,13
    • C. Turner (2006), m/s. 42
    • Qur'an. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan): Perkataan Qur'an dicipta dan mula digunakan oleh al-Quran sendiri. Terdapat dua teori berbeza mengenai istilah ini dan pembentukannya.
  37. ↑ Quran 21:19–20, Quran 35:1
  38. ↑ lihat:
    • Quran 35:1
    • Esposito (2002b), m/s. 26–28
    • W. Madelung. Malā'ika. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
    • Gisela Webb. Angel. Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  39. ↑ "The Koran". Quod.lib.umich.edu. Dicapai 2009-12-12. 
  40. ↑ Lihat:
    • Momem (1987), m/s. 176
    • Islam. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  41. ↑ Challenges to Religion and Islam, m/s. 229. Books.google.com. 2007. ISBN 9788176257329. Dicapai 2010-08-06. 
  42. ↑ Lihat:
    • Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World (2003), m/s. 666
    • J. Robson. Hadith. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
    • D. W. Brown. Sunna. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  43. ↑ Lihat:
    • "Resurrection", The New Encyclopedia of Islam (2003)
    • Avicenna. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan): Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā dikenali di Barat sebagai "Avicenna".
    • L. Gardet. Qiyama. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  44. ↑ Quran 9:72
  45. ↑ Lihat:
    • Smith (2006), m/s. 89; Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World, m/s. 565
    • "Heaven", The Columbia Encyclopedia (2000)
    • Asma Afsaruddin. Garden. Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
    • Paradise. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  46. ↑ Lihat:
    • Quran 9:51
    • D. Cohen-Mor (2001), m/s. 4: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen: 'Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us…" ' "
    • Ahmet T. Karamustafa. Fate. Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan): The verb qadara literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".
  47. ↑ Lihat:
    • Farah (2003), m/s. 119–122
    • Patton (1900), m/s. 130
  48. ↑ Lihat:
    • Momem (1987), m/s. 178
    • Pillars of Islam. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  49. ↑ Lihat:
    • Farah (1994), m/s. 135
    • Momen (1987), m/s. 178
    • "Islam", Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals(2004)
  50. ↑ Mulla Bashir Rahim, An Introduction to Islam, oleh Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project
  51. ↑ Shari'ah. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  52. ↑ Lihat:
    • Menski (2006), m/s. 290
    • B. Carra de Vaux. Hadd. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
    • N. Calder. Sharia. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  53. ↑ Weiss (2002), m/s. xvii, 162
  54. ↑ lihat:
    • Esposito (2004), m/s. 84
    • Lapidus (2002), m/s. 502–507,845
    • Lewis (2003), m/s. 100
  55. ↑ "al-Mar'a". Encyclopaedia of Islam
  56. ↑
    • Waines (2003) m/s. 93–96
    • The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (2003), m/s. 339
    • Esposito (1998) m/s. 79
  57. ↑
    • "Talak". Encyclopaedia of Islam
  58. ↑
    • Esposito (2004), m/s. 95,96,235–241
    • Harald Motzki. Marriage and Divorce. Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
    • Lori Peek. Marriage Practices. Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  59. ↑ Weiss (2002), m/s. 3,161
  60. ↑ Lihat:
  61. ↑ Esposito (2003), m/s. 93
  62. ↑ Firestone (1999) m/s. 17-18
  63. ↑ Lihat:
    • Brockopp (2003) m/s. 99–100
    • Esposito (2003), m/s. 93
    • jihad. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  64. ↑ Reuven Firestone (1999), The Meaning of Jihād, m/s. 17-18
  65. ↑ Britannica Encyclopedia, Jihad
  66. ↑ Lihat:
    • Firestone (1999) m/s. 17
    • "Djihad", Encyclopedia of Islam Online.
  67. ↑ Firestone (1999) m/s. 17
  68. 1 2 Djihād. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  69. ↑ Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror, Mary R. Habeck, Yale University Press, m/s. 108-109, 118
  70. ↑ cf. Sachedina (1998) m/s. 105 dan 106
  71. ↑ Lihat:
    • Esposito (1998), m/s. 12
    • Esposito (2002b), m/s. 4–5
    • F. E. Peters (2003), m/s. 9
    • Muhammad. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  72. ↑ Lihat:
    • Quran 18:110
    • F. Buhl. Muhammad. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  73. ↑ Lihat:
    • F.E.Peters (2003), m/s. 78,79,194
    • Lapidus (2002), m/s. 23–28
  74. ↑ F. Buhl. Muhammad. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  75. ↑ Lihat:
    • Holt (1977a), m/s. 57
    • Hourani (2003), m/s. 22
    • Lapidus (2002), m/s. 32
    • Madelung (1996), m/s. 43
    • Tabatabaei (1979), m/s. 30–50
  76. ↑ Lihat:
    • Holt (1977a), m/s. 74
    • L. Gardet. Islam. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  77. ↑ Holt (1977a), m/s. 67–72
  78. ↑ Waines (2003) m/s. 46
  79. ↑ Donald Puchala, Theory and History in International Relations, m/s. 137. Routledge, 2003.
  80. ↑ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ''Historic cities of the Islamic world'', m/s. 260. BRILL, 2007. Books.google.com. 2007. ISBN 9789004153882. Dicapai 2010-08-06. 
  81. ↑ Nnamdi Elleh, ''Architecture and power in Africa'', m/s. 115. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. Books.google.fr. 2002. ISBN 9780275976798. Dicapai 2010-08-06. 
  82. ↑ John Stothoff Badeau and John Richard Hayes, The Genius of Arab civilization: source of Renaissance, m/s. 104. Taylor & Francis, 1983.
  83. ↑ Lihat:
    • Lapidus (2002), m/s. 90,91
    • Sufism. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  84. ↑ Hawting (2000), m/s. 4
  85. ↑ Lapidus (2002), m/s. 56; Lewis (1993), m/s. 71–83
  86. ↑ Lihat:
    • Holt (1977a), m/s. 80,92,105
    • Holt (1977b), m/s. 661–663
    • Lapidus (2002), m/s. 56
    • Lewis (1993), m/s. 84
    • L. Gardet. Islam. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  87. ↑ Lapidus (2002), m/s. 86
  88. ↑ Lihat:
    • Lapidus (2002), m/s. 160
    • Waines (2003) m/s. 126,127
  89. ↑ Lihat:
    • Esposito (2004), m/s. 44–45
    • Lapidus (2002), m/s. 90–94
    • Sufism. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  90. ↑ Tolan (2002) xv, xvi, 41
  91. ↑ Lihat:
    • Novak (Februari 1999)
    • Sahas (1997), m/s. 76–80
  92. ↑ Françoise Micheau. : 991–2.  Missing or empty |title= (bantuan); |contribution= diabaikan (bantuan), dalam (Morelon & Rashed 1996, pp. 985–1007)
  93. ↑ Syed Farid Alatas (2006). "From Jami`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue". Current Sociology. 5 4 (1): 112–32. doi:10.1177/0011392106058837. 
  94. ↑ S. M. Imamuddin (1981). Muslim Spain 711–1492 A.D. Brill Publishers. m/s. 169. ISBN 9004061312. 
  95. ↑ The Guinness Book Of Records, Terbitan 1998, ISBN 0-5535-7895-2, m/s. 242
  96. ↑ George Makdisi (April–Jun 1989). "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 109 (2): 175–182 [175–77]. doi:10.2307/604423.  Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)
  97. ↑ The beginnings of modern medicine: the Caliphate http://www.seed.slb.com/subcontent.aspx?id=30658
  98. ↑ Ahmed, Imad-ad-Dean. Signs in the heavens. 2. Amana Publications, 2006. Cetak. ISBN 1-59008-040-8 m/s. 23, 84.
    "Despite the fact that they did not have a quantified theory of error they were well aware that an increased number of observations qualitatively reduces the uncertainty."
  99. ↑ Rosanna Gorini (2003), "Al-Haytham the Man of Experience, First Steps in the Science of Vision", International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology, Rome, Italy:
    "According to the majority of the historians al-Haytham was the pioneer of the modern scientific method. With his book he changed the meaning of the term optics and established experiments as the norm of proof in the field. His investigations are based not on abstract theories, but on experimental evidences and his experiments were systematic and repeatable."
  100. ↑ BBC News The ‘first true scientist.’
  101. ↑ (Gaudiosi 1988)
  102. ↑ (Hudson 2003, p. 32)
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    • Abbasid Dynasty. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  104. ↑ Lapidus (2002), m/s. 288–290,310
  105. ↑ Lihat:
    • Lapidus (2002), m/s. 292
    • Islamic World. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  106. ↑ The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves. Eizo Matsuki. Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University.
  107. ↑ Lihat:
    • Holt (1977a), m/s. 263
    • Lapidus (2002), m/s. 250
    • Istanbul. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  108. ↑ Lihat:
    • Lapidus (2002), m/s. 198, 234, 244, 245, 254
    • L. Gardet. Islam. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  109. ↑ Esposito (2004), m/s. 104, 105
  110. ↑ Islamic Art. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  111. ↑ Esposito (2004), m/s. 65
  112. ↑ Ikram, S. M. 1964. Muslim Civilization in India. New York: Columbia University Press
  113. ↑ Lihat:
    • Lapidus (2002), m/s. 572
    • Watt (1973), m/s. 18: Wahhabism should not be confused with the early Kharijite sect of Wahabiyya, which was named after Abd-Allah ibn-Wahb ar-Rasibi, who opposed Ali at Nahrawan.
  114. ↑ Lapidus (2002), m/s. 358, 378–380, 624
  115. ↑ Lapidus (2002), m/s. 380, 489–493
  116. ↑ "New Turkey". Weekly.ahram.org.eg. Dicapai 2010-05-16. 
  117. ↑ Lapidus (2002), m/s. 281–282,380,489–493,556,578,823,835
  118. ↑ Lihat:
    • Esposito (2004), m/s. 118,119,179
    • Lapidus (2002), m/s. 823–830
  119. ↑ Lihat:
  120. ↑ Sebagai contoh lihat Major Themes of the Qur'an oleh Fazlur Rahman. Lihat juga ulasannya oleh William A. Graham (1983), m/s. 446.
  121. ↑ Sebagai contoh lihat The Spirit of Islam oleh Syed Ameer Ali (1849-1928). Lihat juga komen David Samuel Margoliouth (1905) dalam prakata Mohammed and the Rise of Islam.
  122. ↑ Westerlund (2003)
  123. ↑ Elizabeth Omara-Otunnu (11-17-2003). "Ramadan Awareness Event Designed To Debunk Negative Images". Advance, University of Connecticut.  Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)
  124. ↑ Richard Bernstein. "Experts on Islam Pointing Fingers At One Another". The New York Times. Dicapai 2007-05-14. 
  125. ↑ Lihat:
    • Seibert (1994), m/s. 88–89
    • Watt (1974), m/s. 231
  126. ↑ Ernst (2004), m/s. 11
  127. 1 2 "Sunnite". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Dicapai 2010-08-26. 
  128. ↑ Lihat:
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    • D. W. Brown. Sunna. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  129. ↑ Lihat:
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    • Shariah. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
    • Sunnite. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  130. ↑ Salafi Islam GlobalSecurity.org. Dicapai pada 2010-11-09.
  131. ↑ Lihat:
    • Lapidus (2002), m/s. 46
    • Imam. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
    • Shi'ite. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  132. ↑ [http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/p.php?p=shia'&url=Introduction Imamat, oleh Naser Makarem Shirazi
  133. ↑ Lihat:
    • Ahmed (1999), m/s. 44–45
    • Nasr (1994), m/s. 466
  134. ↑ Lihat:
  135. ↑ Trimingham (1998), m/s. 1
  136. ↑ Lihat:
    • Esposito (2003), m/s. 302
    • Malik (2006), m/s. 3
    • B. S. Turner (1998), m/s. 145
    • "Afghanistan: A Country Study". Country Studies. U. S. Library of Congress (Federal Research Division). m/s. 150. Dicapai 2007-04-18. 
  137. ↑ Lihat:
  138. ↑ “The Fourteenth-Century's Reformer / Mujaddid”, from the “Call of Islam”, oleh Maulana Muhammad Ali
  139. ↑ "Claims of Hadhrat Ahmad, Chapter Two". Alislam.org. 1904-06-24. Dicapai 2010-08-06. 
  140. ↑ The Ahmadi Muslim Community. Who are the Ahmadi Muslims and what do they believe? Waqar Ahmad Ahmedi gives a brief introduction to the Ahmadi branch of Islam Times Online. 27 Mei 2008.
  141. ↑ "Ahmadiyya Debate". Parliament of United Kingdom. Dicapai 22 Oktober 2010. 
  142. ↑ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 7 Oktober 2009. Dicapai 2010-08-24. 
  143. ↑ Miller (2009), m/s. 11
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  146. ↑ "Islam: An Overview in Oxford Islamic Studies Online". Oxfordislamicstudies.com. 2008-05-06. Dicapai 2010-05-16. 
  147. ↑ Secrets of Islam – U.S. News & World Report. (2005).
  148. ↑ Miller (2009), m/s. 15,17
  149. ↑ "Number of Muslim by country". nationmaster.com. Dicapai 2007-05-30. 
  150. ↑ "CIA – The World Factbook – China". Cia.gov. Dicapai 2009-06-15. 
  151. ↑ "China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet)". State.gov. Dicapai 2009-06-15. 
  152. ↑ "NW China region eyes global Muslim market". China Daily. 2008-07-09. Dicapai 2009-07-14. 
  153. ↑ "Muslim Media Network". Muslim Media Network. 2008-03-24. Dicapai 2009-07-14. 
  154. ↑ Secrets of Islam, U.S. News & World Report. Data daripada International Population Center, San Diego State University.
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    • Islamic World. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.  |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
    "Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents". Adherents.com. Dicapai 2007-01-09. 
  156. ↑ The Mosque in America: A National Portrait Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR). 26 April 2001. Dicapai 2010-08-01.
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  158. ↑ Marilyn Jenkins-Madina, Richard Ettinghauset and Architecture 650–1250, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-08869-8, m/s. 3
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    • Adil (2002), m/s. 288
    • F. E. Peters (2003), m/s. 67
    • B. van Dalen. Tarikh̲. Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan)
  160. ↑ Ghamidi (2001): Customs and Behavioral Laws
  161. ↑ Patheos Library – Islam Sacred Time – Patheos.com
  162. ↑ Friedmann (2003), m/s. 14–16
  163. 1 2 Friedmann (2003), m/s. 18–19
  164. ↑ Lewis (2001), m/s. 273
  165. ↑ Friedmann (2003), m/s. 55
  166. ↑ "Aman", Encyclopaedia of Islam
  167. ↑ "Murtadd", Encyclopedia of Islam
  168. ↑ Encyclopedia of Islam, "Sikhs"

Rujukan

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