Rujukan Tempoh_geologi

  1. ↑ "Statues & Guidelines". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Dicapai pada 2022-04-05.
  2. 1 2 Cohen, K.M.; Finney, S.C.; Gibbard, P.L.; Fan, J.-X. (2013-09-01). "The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart". Episodes (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (ed. updated). 36 (3): 199–204. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002. ISSN 0705-3797.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Altermann, Wladyslaw; Beard, Brian L.; Hoffman, Paul F.; Johnson, Clark M.; Kasting, James F.; Melezhik, Victor A.; Nutman, Allen P. (2012), "A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian", The Geologic Time Scale (dalam bahasa Inggeris), Elsevier: 299–392, doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.00016-0, ISBN 978-0-444-59425-9, dicapai pada 2022-04-05
  4. ↑ "Statues & Guidelines". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Dicapai pada 2022-04-05.
  5. ↑ "International Commission on Stratigraphy". International Geological Time Scale. Dicapai pada 5 June 2022.
  6. 1 2 "Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Dicapai pada 2022-04-02.
  7. 1 2 "Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Dicapai pada 2022-04-02.
  8. ↑ "Chapter 3. Definitions and Procedures". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Dicapai pada 2022-04-02.
  9. 1 2 "Chapter 3. Definitions and Procedures". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Dicapai pada 2022-04-02.
  10. ↑ "Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Dicapai pada 2022-04-02.
  11. ↑ "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Dicapai pada 2022-04-02.
  12. ↑ Knoll, Andrew; Walter, Malcolm; Narbonne, Guy; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (2006). "The Ediacaran Period: a new addition to the geologic time scale". Lethaia (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 39 (1): 13–30. doi:10.1080/00241160500409223.
  13. ↑ Remane, Jürgen; Bassett, Michael G; Cowie, John W; Gohrbandt, Klaus H; Lane, H Richard; Michelsen, Olaf; Naiwen, Wang; the cooperation of members of ICS (1996-09-01). "Revised guidelines for the establishment of global chronostratigraphic standards by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)". Episodes (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 19 (3): 77–81. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1996/v19i3/007. ISSN 0705-3797.
  14. ↑ "Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Dicapai pada 2022-04-02.
  15. ↑ Michael Allaby (2020). A dictionary of geology and earth sciences (ed. Fifth). Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-187490-1. OCLC 1137380460.
  16. ↑ Cohen, K.M.; Finney, S.C.; Gibbard, P.L.; Fan, J.-X. (2013-09-01). "The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart". Episodes (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (ed. updated). 36 (3): 199–204. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002. ISSN 0705-3797.
  17. ↑ "Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Dicapai pada 2022-04-02.
  18. ↑ Michael Allaby (2020). A dictionary of geology and earth sciences (ed. Fifth). Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-187490-1. OCLC 1137380460.
  19. ↑ Cohen, K.M.; Finney, S.C.; Gibbard, P.L.; Fan, J.-X. (2013-09-01). "The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart". Episodes (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (ed. updated). 36 (3): 199–204. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002. ISSN 0705-3797.
  20. 1 2 "Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Dicapai pada 2022-04-02.
  21. ↑ Michael Allaby (2020). A dictionary of geology and earth sciences (ed. Fifth). Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-187490-1. OCLC 1137380460.
  22. ↑ Cohen, K.M.; Finney, S.C.; Gibbard, P.L.; Fan, J.-X. (2013-09-01). "The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart". Episodes (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (ed. updated). 36 (3): 199–204. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002. ISSN 0705-3797.
  23. ↑ "Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Dicapai pada 2022-04-02.
  24. ↑ Michael Allaby (2020). A dictionary of geology and earth sciences (ed. Fifth). Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-187490-1. OCLC 1137380460.
  25. ↑ Cohen, K.M.; Finney, S.C.; Gibbard, P.L.; Fan, J.-X. (2013-09-01). "The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart". Episodes (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (ed. updated). 36 (3): 199–204. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002. ISSN 0705-3797.
  26. ↑ Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Piller, Werner E.; Gibbard, Philip L.; Harper, David A. T.; Finney, Stanley C. (2022-03-01). "Ratification of subseries/subepochs as formal rank/units in international chronostratigraphy". Episodes (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 45 (1): 97–99. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021016. ISSN 0705-3797.
  27. ↑ "Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Dicapai pada 2022-04-02.
  28. ↑ Michael Allaby (2020). A dictionary of geology and earth sciences (ed. Fifth). Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-187490-1. OCLC 1137380460.
  29. ↑ Cohen, K.M.; Finney, S.C.; Gibbard, P.L.; Fan, J.-X. (2013-09-01). "The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart". Episodes (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (ed. updated). 36 (3): 199–204. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002. ISSN 0705-3797.
  30. ↑ "Chapter 9. Chronostratigraphic Units". stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Dicapai pada 2022-04-02.
  31. ↑
  32. ↑ Desnoyers, J. (1829). "Observations sur un ensemble de dépôts marins plus récents que les terrains tertiaires du bassin de la Seine, et constituant une formation géologique distincte; précédées d'un aperçu de la nonsimultanéité des bassins tertiares" [Observations on a set of marine deposits [that are] more recent than the tertiary terrains of the Seine basin and [that] constitute a distinct geological formation; preceded by an outline of the non-simultaneity of tertiary basins]. Annales des Sciences Naturelles (dalam bahasa Perancis). 16: 171–214, 402–491. From p. 193: "Ce que je désirerais ... dont il faut également les distinguer." (What I would desire to prove above all is that the series of tertiary deposits continued – and even began in the more recent basins – for a long time, perhaps after that of the Seine had been completely filled, and that these later formations – Quaternary (1), so to say – should not retain the name of alluvial deposits any more than the true and ancient tertiary deposits, from which they must also be distinguished.) However, on the very same page, Desnoyers abandoned the use of the term "Quaternary" because the distinction between Quaternary and Tertiary deposits wasn't clear. From p. 193: "La crainte de voir mal comprise ... que ceux du bassin de la Seine." (The fear of seeing my opinion in this regard be misunderstood or exaggerated, has made me abandon the word "quaternary", which at first I had wanted to apply to all deposits more recent than those of the Seine basin.)
  33. ↑ d'Halloy, d'O., J.-J. (1822). "Observations sur un essai de carte géologique de la France, des Pays-Bas, et des contrées voisines" [Observations on a trial geological map of France, the Low Countries, and neighboring countries]. Annales des Mines. 7: 353–376.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) From page 373: "La troisième, qui correspond à ce qu'on a déja appelé formation de la craie, sera désigné par le nom de terrain crétacé." (The third, which corresponds to what was already called the "chalk formation", will be designated by the name "chalky terrain".)
  34. ↑ Humboldt, Alexander von (1799). Ueber die unterirdischen Gasarten und die Mittel ihren Nachtheil zu vermindern: ein Beytrag zur Physik der praktischen Bergbaukunde (dalam bahasa Jerman). Vieweg.
  35. ↑ Brongniart, Alexandre (1770-1847) Auteur du texte (1829). Tableau des terrains qui composent l'écorce du globe ou Essai sur la structure de la partie connue de la terre . Par Alexandre Brongniart,... (dalam bahasa Perancis).
  36. ↑ Ogg, J.G.; Hinnov, L.A.; Huang, C. (2012), "Jurassic", The Geologic Time Scale (dalam bahasa Inggeris), Elsevier, m/s. 731–791, doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59425-9.00026-3, ISBN 978-0-444-59425-9, dicapai pada 2022-05-01
  37. ↑ Murchison; Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey; Verneuil; Keyserling, Graf Alexander (1842). On the Geological Structure of the Central and Southern Regions of Russia in Europe, and of the Ural Mountains (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Print. by R. and J.E. Taylor.
  38. ↑ Phillips, John (1835). Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire: Or, A Description of the Strata and Organic Remains: Accompanied by a Geological Map, Sections and Plates of the Fossil Plants and Animals ... (dalam bahasa Inggeris). J. Murray.
  39. ↑ Sedgwick, A.; Murchison, R. I. (1840-01-01). "XLIII.--On the Physical Structure of Devonshire, and on the Subdivisions and Geological Relations of its older stratified Deposits, &c". Transactions of the Geological Society of London (dalam bahasa Inggeris). s2-5 (3): 633–703. doi:10.1144/transgslb.5.3.633. ISSN 2042-5295. S2CID 128475487.
  40. ↑ Murchison, Roderick Impey (1835). "VII. On the silurian system of rocks". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 7 (37): 46–52. doi:10.1080/14786443508648654. ISSN 1941-5966.
  41. ↑ Lapworth, Charles (1879). "I.—On the Tripartite Classification of the Lower Palæozoic Rocks". Geological Magazine (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 6 (1): 1–15. Bibcode:1879GeoM....6....1L. doi:10.1017/S0016756800156560. ISSN 0016-7568. S2CID 129165105.
  42. ↑ Bassett, Michael G. (1979-06-01). "100 Years of Ordovician Geology". Episodes (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 2 (2): 18–21. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1979/v2i2/003. ISSN 0705-3797.
  43. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, penyunting (1911). "Cambria" . Encyclopædia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (ed. ke-11). Cambridge University Press.
  44. ↑ Butcher, Andy (26 May 2004). "Re: Ediacaran". LISTSERV 16.0 - AUSTRALIAN-LINGUISTICS-L Archives. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 23 October 2007. Dicapai pada 19 July 2011.
  45. ↑ "Place Details: Ediacara Fossil Site – Nilpena, Parachilna, SA, Australia". Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Australian Heritage Database. Commonwealth of Australia. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 3 Jun 2011. Dicapai pada 19 Julai 2011.
  46. ↑ Correlating Earth's History, Paul R. Janke
  47. ↑ Rudwick, M. J. S. (1985). The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Palaeontology. University of Chicago Press. m/s. 24. ISBN 0-226-73103-0.
  48. ↑ Fischer, Alfred G.; Garrison, Robert E. (2009). "The role of the Mediterranean region in the development of sedimentary geology: A historical overview". Sedimentology. 56: 3. Bibcode:2009Sedim..56....3F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01009.x.CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  49. ↑ Quoted in The contribution of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) to the development of the Earth Sciences, among other sources
  50. ↑ Sivin, Nathan (1995). Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections. Brookfield, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Variorum series. m/s. III, 23–24. Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (bantuan)
Era Senozoik
(sekarang–66.0 jtd.)
Kuaterner (sekarang–2.58 jtd.)
Neogen (2.58–23.0 jtd.)
Paleogen (23.03–66.0 j.t.d)
Era Mesozoik
(66.0–252 jtd.)
Kapur (66.0–145 jtd.)
Jura (145–201 jtd.)
Trias (201–252 jtd.)
Era Paleozoik
(252–539 jtd.)
Perm (252–299 jtd.)
Karbon (299–359 jtd.)
Devon (359–419 jtd.)
Silures (419–443 jtd.)
Ordovisi (444–485 jtd.)
Kambria (485–539 jtd.)
Eon Proterozoik
(539 jtd. – 2.5 btd.)
Neoproterozoik (539 jtd. – 1 btd.)
Mesoproterozoik (1–1.6 gt.d)
Paleoproterozoik (1.6–2.5 btd.)
Eon Arkean(2.5–4 btd.)
Era-era
Eon Hadean (4–4.6 gt.d)
 
 
rtd. = ribu tahun dahulu, jtd. = juta tahun dahulu, btd. = gigatahun/bilion tahun dahulu.
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